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Paradoxical Motherhood in ?The Bluest Eye' and ?God Help the Child?

Thesis Info

Author

Abdullah Ghulam Nabi

Supervisor

Jaleel Akhter

Department

Department of English

Program

MS

Institute

COMSATS University Islamabad

Campus Location

Lahore Campus

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Subject

English Language & Literature

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676719529448

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خلاصہ بحث

خلاصہ بحث

قرآن مجید اللہ تعالیٰ کا کلام ہے جس میں مختلف انداز واسالیب کا ذکر کیا گیا ہے تاکہ انسانی نفوس پر کلام گراں نہ گذرے۔مختلف اسالیبِ قرآنی میں سے ایک اسلوب اسلوب ِاستفہام ہے۔ قرآن مجید میں اللہ تعالیٰ اپنے بندوں سے مختلف سوال فرماتے ہیں جو کہ مختلف نوعیت کے حامل ہوتے ہیں۔ ان سوالات کی آیات کو آیاتِ استفہام کہا جاتا ہے ، جن میں کئی ایک مصلحتیں پوشیدہ ہیں ۔کہیں انسان کو ڈرانے کے لئے سوال ہے تو کہیں باطل کا رد کرنے کے لئے ،کہیں بغرض توبیخ کے ہے تو کہیں تشویق کی غرض سے، الغرض استفہامی اسلوب کو متعدد مقامات پر متعدد مقاصد کیلئے لایا گیا ہے۔فصل ہذا میں استفہام کے لغوی واصطلاحی معنی بیان کرتے ہوئے ادوات استفہام کی وضاحت کی گئ ہے اور قرآن کا استفہامیہ اسلوب بیان کیا گیا ہے آیات استفہام کی تعداد اور جن سورتوں میں یہ وارد ہوئیں ہیں انکی تعداد بیان کی گئی ہے اور تفاسیر کی روشنی میں آیات استفہام کا تحقیقی جائزہ پیش کیا گیا ہے۔قرآن مجید میں کل نو(۹) ادواتِ استفہام کو ذکر کرتے ہوئے قرآن مجید کی چھیانوے (۹۶) سورتوں میں کل آٹھ سو چونسٹھ (۸۶۴) آیات میں استفہامی اندازِ بیان کو استعمال کیا گیا ہے۔

 

اسلامی علوم و فنون میں ضلع ہری پور کی دینی شخصیات کی کتب کا تحقیقی جائزہ

In this article, twelve scholars of District Haripur have been discussed for their significant contribution in Islamic sciences and various religious issues. The fact remains that District Haripur has remained the center for Islamic education wherein almost every school of thought has existed. In this article, those scholars are provided expression who despite been a part of some particular school of thought, have always encouraged intra-faith harmony. For example, "Al Ribat li Rad Hiyla al Isqat" by Maulana Mohammad Azam contains plenty of updated information on this issue. Similarly, another book called as "Mu'in-ul-'Aqaid” by Maulana Mohammad Hassan, provides grounds for rejecting the hypocrisy of society in a befitting manner. Before writing this article, a session was held with those scholars who are still alive whereas details of those dead were collected from their family members.

Development of Air Quality Model for Predicting Air Pollution in Major Cities

The purpose of this work was to examine the level of major air pollutants and their future prediction in four major cities namely Karachi, Hyderabad, Nawabshah and Sukkur of Sindh province. The cause of pollution in the cities is due to population growth, unplanned urbanization, and congested transportation, commercial and industrial activities. The main parameters considered in this study were particulate matter (P.M) P.M2.5, P.M10, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and oxides of sulfur (SOx). A total of twenty locations were selected in Karachi, fifteen in Hyderabad, and ten each in Nawabshah and Sukkur. The selection of locations was made on the basis of traffic congestion, commercial activities and industrial establishments. The pollutants level was measured at different time intervals of the day such as morning, noon and evening on the basis of daily life human activities. The data was collected for a whole year with the help of PM meter, Ambient Air Quality meter, and Nitrogen and Sulfur Analyzers. OpenAir Model was used to determine the growth rate and future prediction of air pollutants. The predictions were made from year 2015 to 2050 with an interval of five years. Out of twenty selected locations of Karachi, four places namely Al Asif Square, North Nazimabad, Nursary and Star Gate were found more affected due to higher level of air pollutants where the average concentration of P.M2.5, P.M10, CO and CO2 were higher than permissible limits. Similarly, the level of P.M2.5, P.M10, and CO2 at Numaish Chorangi, Do Talwar and Clifton was higher than the permissible NEQS levels. The concentration of NOx was higher at North Nazimabad, Nursary and Star Gate locations and SOx were found lower than NEQS. It was revealed that the Sea View location was free from the air pollutants, may be due to lower traffic load and sea breeze which may transport air pollutants towards city. In Hyderabad city, the concentration of P.M2.5, P.M10, and CO2 at five locations namely Hala Naka, Hyderabad By-Pass, Nasim Nagar, City Gate and Market Tower were higher, whereas, theair pollutants level were lower than the permissible NEQS levels at all other locations. In Nawabshah city, the concentration of P.M2.5 was higher only at Mohni Bazar and P.M10 was higher than the permissible levels at all locations of Nawabshah city. The level of CO, NOx and SOx were found within permissible NEQS level at all locations of the city. In Sukkur city, the concentration of P.M2.5, P.M10, and CO2 was found higher at High Court Road, Eid Gah Road and Station Road than permissible levels at all five locations. The level of CO, NOx and SOx were within NEQS. OpenAir Model was used for determination of growth rate and future prediction of air pollutants. It was discovered from predicted model results that the growth rate of pollutants, such as P.M2.5, P.M10, CO2, CO, NOx and SOx varies from 1.0% to 4.0%, 0.5% to 1.5%, 1.0% to 6.0%, 1.0% to 4.0%, 1.0% to 4.0% and 1.0 to 4.0% respectively. It is concluded from the study that the level of P.M2.5, P.M10were found higher and CO2 and CO was almost within permissible levels in all selected cities, whereas, the level of NOx and SOx were found higher at most of the places in Karachi only. The model results predicted that concentration of pollutants will be at alarming level up to year 2050 if the growth rate of population, industrialization and transportation is continued. The findings of this work provide a baseline data and future predictions of air pollution level of four major cities of Sindh province. It will help the regulatory authorities to make effective policies for reduction of air pollutants and take measures for replacement of fossil fuels with environmental friendly fuels.