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Home > The Role of Corporate Governance on Firm, S Performance and Financial Distress: Evidence from Pakistani Manufacturing Firms

The Role of Corporate Governance on Firm, S Performance and Financial Distress: Evidence from Pakistani Manufacturing Firms

Thesis Info

Author

Shahab Ud Din

Supervisor

Muhammad Arshad Khan

Department

Department of Management Sciences

Program

PMS

Institute

COMSATS University Islamabad

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2016

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Management Sciences

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676720636383

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۲۔ اعتراف

اعتراف

میں دو دیوتائوں کا بھگت

جنھوں نے میرا بخت چمکایا

پہلا دیوتا جس کا مندر

جیسا باہر ویسا اندر

جہاں محبت کی شمعیں جلتی ہیں

درد کے سنکھ بجتے ہیں

جس کی کشتِ سخن زرخیز ہے

جس میں گلاب و سمن مہکتے ہیں

اور مرغانِ خوش نوا چہکتے ہیں

میرے اندر کے تار بجتے ہیں

مجھے ذوقِ ادب کا خزانہ دیا

لکھنا، پڑھنا، بولنا سکھایا

اظہار و بیان کا سلیقہ سمجھایا

پھر میں ایک ایسے دیوتا کے سپرد ہوا

جس کا مندر دیوتائوں کاعجائب گھر

جہاں شعور و فکر کے دیپ جلتے ہیں

جہاں علم و سخن کے گَجر بجتے ہیں

جس نے میری تپسیا کو بھاگ لگائے

میرے لفظ و معانی کو راگ دیے

میری سوچ کو پر لگائے

لفظوں کے جنگل سے خیال و معنی کے پھول چننے کا سلیقہ سکھایا

مجھے تو دوئی راس آگئی

یعنی مجھے پیاس بھا گئی

Performance of Banking Industry After Privatization in Pakistan: A Case Study of Mcb Bank Limited

This research work aims to investigate the impact of privatization on the performing efficiency of MCB Bank Limited Privatization and the phenomenon of denationalization after the failure of socialism and communism globally. As the direction of enteritis was predetermined by state which in long term affected the performance of state-owned entities on many fronts even they reached at the verge of collapse and state was compelled to inject capital for their survival. Ultimately the state took drastic steps and initiated the process of denationalization and privatization to keep the industry intact in the changed scenario. In 1974, during Z.A. Bhutto regime Pakistan’s banking industry was nationalized with prime objective to address the issues of backward segments of economy but unfortunately after privatization industry was used for political motives and witnessed poor performance and financial indiscipline due to frequent interference in the affairs of banks particularly in lending activities and hiring of inefficient human resources. Resultantly banks failed to deliver as per expectation of masses and could not deliver quality customer services on one hand and accumulation of infected portfolio on the other which in turn swallowed the profitability and the capital of banks. It is revealed that bank has tremendously performed in all Key Performing Indicators, it has improved its profitability manifold, deposit base is significantly enhanced and became more liquid and solvent.

Solution Properties of Certain Drugs in Water and Organic Solvent, Their Interaction With Amino Acids and Surfactants

Densities of seven drugs Benzalkonium Chloride (BAC), Losartan Potassiun (LP), Chlorpheniramine Maleate (CPAM), Metformin Hydrochloride (MHCl), Sodium Valporate (SV), Levofloxacin (LF) and Chloramphenicol (CP) were measured at four different temperatures (288 K to 318 K) in water and organic solvent (ethanol for all drugs except MHCl for which methanol was used). From these values of density, apparent molar volumes (Vf) were calculated which were used to find partial molar volume (V°f), semi empirical parameter (Sv), Hepler’s constant, partial molar expansivity (E°2) and isobaric thermal expansion coefficient (a2). Viscosities of drugs solutions in water and ethanol solvents were determined at four different temperatures i.e. 288K to 318K. These values were used to calculate the constants of Jones-Dole equation. Different thermodynamic parameters like Gibbs free energy of activation of solution (ΔG#2), molar activation enthalpy (ΔH#2) and molar activation entropy (ΔS#2) of viscous flow were calculated. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of six drugs was calculated in aqueous and ethanolic media (except MHCl for which methanol solvent was used) at four different temperatures (288 K to 318 K) by using electrical conductivity, surface tension and refractive index measurements. From conductometric measurements degree of ionization (b), degree of counterion binding (a), enthalpy of micellization (ΔH°m), free energy of micellization (ΔG°m) and entropy of micellization (ΔS°m) were calculated. From surface tension values surface excess concentration (Г2), minimum area per molecule (A) and free energy of adsorption (ΔG°ads) were calculated. The interaction of two surfactants SDS and CTAB with six drugs was studied at one temperature (298 K) in aqueous solution using UV/Visible spectroscopy and electrical conductivity. Measurements of UV/Visible spectroscopy were used to calculate partition coefficient (Kx), standard free energy of partition (ΔGp), binding constant (Kb) and standard free energy of binding (ΔGb). The effect of three amino acids i.e. glycine, L-tryptophan and L-tyrosine on CMC of five drugs were studied in aqueous solution at one temperature using electrical conductivity measurements which are useful to understand the solubilization of amino acids into the micelles of drugs. The determination of apparent molar volumes, partial molar volumes and other related parameters and constants of Jones-Dole equation is carried out to find the types of interaction of drugs with solvent. Another purpose of this study is to find same trend for effect of drugs on solvent from volumetric and viscometric study. Decrease in apparent molar volume with concentration in both solvents shows solvophobic interaction of all drugs with solvents. Values of partial molar volumes of these drugs are lower in aqueous medium than in alcoholic due to greater polarity of water. Sv is found to be negative for drugs showing weak solute-solute interaction except CPAM. Positive value of Hepler’s constant shows structure promoting effect of drugs on solvent except CPAM in ethanol. B-coefficient of Jones-Dole equation is positive representing strong solute- solvent interaction. ΔG#2 is positive and higher than ΔG#1 representing structure promoting effect and stronger solute-solvent interaction in ground than in transition state. Positive value of ΔH#2 means that the process of transition state formation is endothermic. From the values of Hepler’s constant and B-coefficient the order of hydrophobic interaction in aqueous medium was found to be in same order which is BAC > LP > CPAM > SV > MHCl In case of alcoholic solution the order of solvophobic interaction is also same as determined by viscometric and volumetric study which is MHCl > LF > CP > BAC > SV > CPAM The determination of CMC at different temperatures is carried out to get thermodynamic and other related parameters which are very useful to understand micellization process and the effect of presence of drug on solution. Values of surface excess concentration for all drugs show higher drug concentration at solution-air interface than in bulk of solution phase. ΔG°ads has more negative value than ΔG°m representing that the adsorption of drug molecules at surface is more spontaneous than micellization. ΔH°m is negative, showing micellization is exothermic while for SV in ethanolic solution and for CPAM and LP in both solvents it is positive. Positive ΔS°m represents that the micellization process results in increase in entropy of solution. The same type of behaviour is reported in literature for different amphiphilic drugs e.g. Chloroquine Diphosphate, Citalopram HBr.