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Analysis of the Adaptive Array Processing Techniques for the Snr Improvement

Thesis Info

Author

Muhammad Tauseef Mushtaq

Supervisor

Rana Liaqat Ali

Department

Department of Physics

Program

BEL

Institute

COMSATS University Islamabad

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2013

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Physics

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676720806227

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پانچواں باب: عقائد و عبادات

عقائد

باب پنجم کے اہم نکات

  1. یہودی عقائد و عبادات کا تعارف۔
  2. تصور خدا کی اہمیت۔
  3. منتخب قوم کے نظریہ کا تعارف۔
  4. احکام عشرہ اور تیرہ اصول ایمانیات کا تعارف۔
  5. نبوت، مسیحِ موعود عقیدہ آخرت۔
  6. قربانی، روزہ، نماز اور صدقہ کا تصور۔

 

 

          ظاہری طور پر یہودیوں کے پاس ایسا کوئی خاص نظام یا قاعدہ موجود نہیں ہے جس کی رو سے یہ کہا جا سکے کہ وہ کن مخصوص عقائد کی پیروی کرتے ہیں۔ الہامی مذاہب میں خدا پر ایمان لانا ایک بنیادی عقیدہ ہے تاہم "ملحد یہودی" جیسے تصور نے اس عقیدے کو بھی متاثر کیا ہے۔ یہودی خود بھی اس معاملے میں اختلاف کا شکار ہیں کہ کیا رسمی عقیدے جیسی کوئی چیز مذہب میں موجود بھی ہے یا نہیں؟ اس معاملے میں ایک فریق یہ کہتا ہے کہ یہودیت میں عقائد جیسی کوئی چیز نہیں؛ صنہادرین تک نے ایسی کوئی وضاحت پیش نہیں کی جس کی رو سے یہودیت کے بنیادی عقائد کی فہرست مرتب کی جا سکے۔ موسی ابن میمون نے بھی جو تیرہ اساسی اصول مرتب کیے ہیں ان کو تمام یہودی قبول نہیں کرتے۔ اکثر و بیشتر راسخ العقیدہ یہودی ان پر اعتراضات اٹھاتے رہتے ہیں۔ بعض یہ خیال کرتے ہیں کہ وہ اپنے عقائد کی کوئی فہرست مہیا نہیں کر سکتے کیونکہ ان میں عقائد کے معاملات میں کبھی اتفاق رائے نہیں ہو سکا ہے۔ یہاں تک کہ عبرانی بائیبل کے فراہم کردہ مذہب کو بھی وہ متنوع سمجھتے ہیں۔[1] جو فریق یہ سمجھتا ہے کہ یہودیت میں کچھ بنیادی عقائد موجود ہیں وہ یہ دلیل دیتا ہے کہ اگر یہ مان لیا جائے کہ یہودیت میں عقائد کا وجود ہی نہیں...

مسلم دورِحکمرانی ميں تعليمات نبویﷺ سے اخذ شدہ سراغ رسانی کے رہنما اصول

Intelligence system is considered to be one of the important tools used by military and civil secret agencies to defend and strengthen a nation. Intelligence system is thought to be one of the oldest studies of known history. Intelligence system consists of correct and accurate information, gathered after great struggle and facing difficulties. This department if related to both peace and war. Intelligence is a basis of formulating all military strategies and plans. The importance of intelligence system both in day to day life and as a nation cannot be overemphasized. This article recounts the intelligence systems and management of the resources of secret services of the companions of the Holy Prophet (SAW) and, thereafter, the Muslims rulers. Furthermore, the principles derived from the era of the companions of the Holy Prophet (SAW) regarding intelligence system have also been discussed in this chapter. The guiding principles that are still valid even today includes: (a) Training of Personnel Since espionage helps to strengthen the roots of a state and protect it from its enemies, therefore it requires a team of well trained professionals with latest technology and trends. Islam emphasized on two aspects of early warning, one is professional and the other is ethical.(b) Counter Espionage. An Islamic state must have an effective network of espionage to keep an eye on all the activities of the enemy. This is known as counter espionage. (c) Reconnaissance. This aims at the fore knowledge of the intentions of the enemy so that one can have a better planning in case of an attack. (d) Verification of Information. Information from an agent should be verified from other sources. An operative may feed false information due to lack of experience and competency and that may create an embarrassing situation. (e) Security of Information. Don’t share your secret, try to protect them. If national secrets are compromised they may cause an extensive damage to national interest. (f) Interrogation of POW. Whenever enemy spies or soldiers are arrested in a war they should be interrogated for extraction of information. They may be subjected to mental stress. (g) Fore Warning of the Enemy. This requires the launching of own agents in the enemy ranks for knowledge of their future plan likes attacks. (h)Treatment of Spies. If anyone is found to be guilty of spying for enemy, he may be penalized with death punishment.

Postharvest Fruit Softening and Quality Management of Peach

Peach being climacteric fruit ripe quickly after harvest and exhibit fast ripening at ambient conditions. Rapid postharvest fruit softening and quality deterioration limit its postharvest storage life. Therefore, this integrated study was carried out to understand the role of various factors, such as cultivars, harvest locations and application of pre-storage chemicals including salicylic acid (SA), oxalic acid (OA), putrescine (PUT) and CaCl2 to manage postharvest fruit softening and quality of peach. The degree of fruit softening was measured by determining the activities of fruit softening enzymes including pectin esterase (PE), endo-1-4-β glucanase (EGase), endo- polygalacturonase (endo-PG) and exo-polygalacturonase (exo-PG). Fruit quality parameters including activities of antioxidative enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD)], total phenolic contents (TPC) and antioxidants scavenging activity (ASA), soluble solid contents (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), SSC: TA ratio and ascorbic acid contents were also determined during ripening and cold storage periods (35-days with 7-days interval). In the first study, the effects of cultivars and harvest locations on postharvest fruit softening and quality were evaluated. It was found that peach cv. ‘Flordaking’ exhibited reduced fruit softening and better fruit quality, as compared to cv. ‘Early Grand’ during cold storage (0±1°C and 80-85% RH) and under ambient conditions (25±2°C and 60-65% RH). Moreover, it was found that peach fruit harvested from Soan Valley, district Khushab revealed reduced fruit softening and activities of fruit softening enzymes with better fruit quality than fruit from Sillanwali, district Sargodha. Irrespective to peach cultivars and harvest locations, peach fruit exhibited full ripening (eating soft stage) on day-4 at ambient conditions. From this study, peach cv. ‘Flordaking’ harvested from Soan Valley were screened and selected for further trials. Among applications of different pre- storage chemicals, 1st trial was conducted regarding effects of SA (0, 2, 4 or 6 mM) on fruit softening and quality of ‘Flordaking’ peach fruit during ripening, under cold storage and at ripening following cold storage. Application of 6 mM SA significantly reduced the ethylene production and maintained higher fruit firmness during ripening and under cold storage conditions. Activities of fruit softening enzymes viz. PE, EGase, endo-PG and exo-PG were significantly reduced by application of SA in a concentration dependent manner. Peach fruit treated with higher concentrations of SA (6 mM) revealed relatively higher TPC, ASA, activities of antioxidative enzymes (SOD, POD and CAT) than untreated fruit. Moreover, peach fruit treated with 6 mM SA exhibited lower SSC: TA ratio, as compared to untreated fruit. The 2nd trial was carried out to check the effects of different concentrations of OA (0, 1, 2 or 3 mM) on fruit softening and quality of ‘Flordaking’ peach during ripening, under cold storage and at ripening followed by cold storage. Peach fruit treated with 3 mM OA showed reduced ethylene production, respiration rate and fruit softening. Reduction in fruit softening was associated with reduced activities of fruit softening enzymes (PE, EGase, endo-PG and exo-PG) in OA-treated fruit. Application of 3 mM OA significantly enhanced the TPC, ASA and activities of antioxidative enzymes viz. SOD, POD, CAT. During 3rd trial, effects of postharvest application of PUT (0, 0.5, 1 or 2 mM) were investigated on fruit softening and quality of ‘Flordaking’ peach during ripening, under cold storage and at ripening followed by cold storage. Application of 2 mM PUT significantly delayed ethylene production, reduced respiration rate and retained firm fruit, as compared to untreated fruit. PUT-treated (2mM) fruit exhibited reduced activities of fruit softening enzymes (PE, EGase, endo- PG and exo-PG). Moreover, low SSC: TA ratio, higher ascorbic acid contents, enhanced TPC, ASA and activities of antioxidative enzymes (SOD, POD and CAT) were exhibited by 2 mM PU- treated fruit. The 4th trial was carried out to study the effects of postharvest application of different concentrations of CaCl2 (0, 2, 4 or 6%) on fruit softening and quality of ‘Flordaking’ peach during ripening, under cold storage and at ripening followed by cold storage. CaCl2-treated fruit, at higher concentration (6% CaCl2) revealed reduced ethylene production and respiration rate. Application of 6% CaCl2 reduced fruit softening and activities of fruit softening enzymes including PE, EGase, endo-PG and exo-PG, in peach fruit. Higher TPC, ASA and activities of antioxidative enzymes (SOD, POD and CAT) were exhibited by 6% CaCl2-treated fruit. Although, the higher dose of CaCl2 (6%) was most effective in reducing fruit softening and improving quality of peach fruit but it caused toxicity symptoms on peach fruit. From above pre-storage trials best doses of different chemicals (6 mM SA, 3 mM OA, 2 mM PUT and 4% CaCl2) were screened and these were confirmed in another study. In confirmatory trial, it was found that among all tested anti-ripening chemicals, application of 2 mM PUT was more effective in reducing ethylene production, respiration rate and retaining higher fruit firmness. However, the activities of fruit softening enzymes were significantly suppressed by 4% CaCl2 treatment. In conclusion, application of 6 mM SA, 3 mM OA, 2 mM PUT or 4% CaCl2 were found beneficial to reduce fruit softening and activities of fruit softening enzymes, enhance antioxidative enzymes and retain better fruit quality of ‘Flordaking’ peach fruit upto 35-days of cold storage.