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Problems and Issues of Distance Education

Thesis Info

Author

Muhammad Asif, Mallik

Supervisor

Mushtaq Ahmed Goraha

Institute

Allama Iqbal Open University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

1996

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

151.;

Subject

Education

Language

English

Other

Call No: 378.03 MUP; Publisher: Aiou

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676710293201

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حضرت خدیجہؓ

حضرت خدیجہ
خدیجۃ الکبریٰؓ کی شادیاں : حضرت خدیجہ ؓکے والد خویلد عرب کے مشہور تاجر تھے ۔ قریش میں نامور تھے ان کی وفات کے بعد خدیجہؓ نے ان کے تجارتی کاروبا ر کو سنبھالا دیا اور اسے وسعت دی ۔ عفت و پاک دامنی کے سبب خدیجہ طاہرہ کے لقب سے جانی پہچانی جاتی تھیں ۔ ان کی پہلی شادی عتیق بن عائذ مخزومی سے ہوئی ‘ ان میں سے دو اولادیں ہوئیں ۔ ایک لڑکا عبداللہ بن عتیق اور ایک لڑکی ہند بنت عتیق ۔ خدیجہ کے شوہر عتیق کا انتقال ہوا ۔ اس کے بعد خدیجہ کی دوسری شادی ابو ہالہ بن زرارہ تمیمی سے ہوئی ۔ ان سے ہالہ ‘ طاہراور ہند پیدا ہوئے ‘ یہ تینوں بھائی صحابی تھے ۔ ( رحمۃ اللعالمین ۔۱۴۴۔ ۲ ) وہ مزید لکھتے ہیں کہ بعض سیرت نگاروں نے خدیجہ کا پہلا نکاح ابو ہالہ بن زرارہ سے ہوا تھا ‘ لکھا ہے ‘ اس بات میں مورخین کا اختلاف ہے ۔ ’’ قتادہ ‘‘ نے عتیق کا پہلا نکاح بتایا ہے اور جرجانی نے ابو ہالہ کا ۔ صاحب الاسیتعاب نے بھی جرجانی کے قول کو صحیح کہا ہے ۔ میں (سلمان) نے قتادہ کے قول؛ کو اس لیے پسند کیا ہے کہ صاحب الا ستیعاب نے ہند کو ربیب رسول اللہ لکھا ہے اور یہ تب ہی ہو سکتا ہے کہ ابو ہالہ کے بعد نبی مکرم ﷺ کا نکاح ہوا ہو ( حوالہ بالا )
دونوں شوہروں کا انتقال ہوا ‘ بعد ازاں قریش کے سرداروں نے انہیں نکاح کرنے کے پیغامات بھیجے مگر خدیجہؓ نے سب پیغامات ٹھکرا دیئے لیکن آپ کے پیغام کو بہ دل و جان قبول کیا۔ نکاح کے پیغام کو قبول کرنے کی وجہ ابن اسحاق یوں بیان کرتے ہیں جو خود خدیجہؓ کے الفاظ میں یہ...

قیام امن کے لئے حضرت عمر فاروق ؓکی خدمات

Peace has great importance both for the individual and the communal life. Wherever peace turned into unrest, the tendencies of social violence, mental sickness and insecurity start developing amongst the people. Peace and harmony were the hallmark of the reign of the 2nd caliph, Haḍrat ‘Umar. He gave the best governing mechanism to the people of Arab, when they were not fully aware of rules & regulation of government. Though the empire was wide spread, he exercised a great sort of command & control on it. He took the responsibility of providing his subjects their basic needs: Food, Shelter, Education, Peace and Justice. This was not only an ideal system of its time but became the role model for the modern welfare state. Peace and harmony is as important for a state as food & air are for life. Allāh has strongly emphasized in The Holy Qur’ān" on two things i. E., "Disharmony & hunger" which should be eliminated from a society. Haḍrat ‘Umer during his reign of 10 years presented Islām as a religion of peace & harmony, a religion, which respects humanity, peacefully resolves disagreements and curtails misuse of power. He himself possessed the qualities of peace & harmony to an utmost level, which were the traits of our Holy Prophet’s (ﷺ) personality. It is important to follow the Khilāphah of Haḍrat ‘Umar to bring peace & justice in the society.

Breast Cancer Detection Based on Hybrid Features Using Machine Learning Classification Techniques

The breast cancer in the women is most commonly diagnosed type of cancer. The mortality rate can be reduced if proper and early breast cancer treatment can be made. Masses and microcalcification contain very important diagnostic information in breast cancer. There is great variation in masses and micro-calcifications so, radiologists face difficulties in proper diagnosis of the breast cancer. Researchers in the past developed efficient systems based on computer aided diagnostic (CAD) systems. Moreover, relevant feature extraction plays a vital role in proper diagnostic and prognostic. Based on the diverse nature and variations in the breast cancer mammograms, we propose hybrid feature extraction approach including morphological, entropybased features, elliptic Fourier descriptors (EFDs), texture and scale invariant feature transform (SIFT). For improving the detection accuracy based on the extracted features, we applied machine learning classifiers including Support vector machine (SVM) alongwith its kernels such as Gaussian, radial base function (RBF), polynomial; Na?ve Bayes and Decision tree (DT). The validation was measured using 10-fold cross validation (CV) system. For a performance evaluation, we computed different metrics including specificity, sensitivity, false positive rate (FPR), negative predictive value (NPV), positive predictive value (PPV), and area under the receiver operating curve (AUC). Both combination and single feature are used as an input for classifiers. The results reveal that both single and combination of features provides higher detection results. Thus, the new feature extracting approach is more robust in early detection of breast cancer.