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Assessment of Carbon footprints of cotton cultivation in District Bahawalpur.

Thesis Info

Author

Alishan Arif Makhdum

Supervisor

Muhammad Irfan Khan

Department

Department of Environmental Sciences

Program

MS

Institute

International Islamic University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2017

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

35

Subject

Environmental Sciences

Language

English

Other

MS546.6812 MAA

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676721778902

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محبت کی انتہا

 

محبت کی انتہا

4ُٓاپریل 1979ء کو گلگت کے جیالے محمد اسمعیل نے ریڈیو پر اپنے محبوب قائد ذوالفقار علی بھٹو کی خبر سنی تو ان کی جدائی برداشت نہ کر سکا اور محبت عشق کی اگلی منزل تک چلی گئی ۔اس نے جلتے ہوئے تیل کا چولھا اپنے اوپر انڈیل لیا ۔جیالے کے سارے جسم کو آگ نے لپیٹ لیا ۔اس کا منہ ، ہاتھ ،ٹانگیں اور جسم کے دیگر اعضاء جل گئے ۔کئی مہینے زندگی موت کی کشمکش میں رہنے کے بعد وہ زندہ بچ گئے ۔جب محترمہ بے نظیر بھٹو پہلی مرتبہ وزیر اعظم بنی تو انہوں نے گلگت آ کر خود محمد اسمعیل سے ملاقات کی اور سرکاری ملازمت دلائی ۔طویل عرصہ گزرنے کے بعد جب بھی اس کے سامنے بھٹوکی پھانسی کا ذکر کیا جائے تو اس کی آنکھیں بے ساختہ آنسوئوں سے چھلک پڑتی ہیں ۔

 

النظرية الدينية لفکر الإرهاب الدولي في ضوء السيرة النبوية

It is an undoubted fact that terrorism has nothing to do with Islam. All teachings of the Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) are contrary to any kind of extremism, radicalization and terrorism. Although the Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) and his Companions faced injustice, persecution and terrorism directly by the disbelievers of Mecca and were forced to leave their homeland, yet, they always treated very peacefully and never demonstrated any kind of extremism. When the Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) established the first state of Islam in Medina, it faced many atrocities and conspiracies by its enemies, but Muslims never chose the path of injustice and terrorism even against its worst enemies. Muslims always preferred peace treaties and covenants with everyone, so that people can live peacefully. The life of the Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) is a practical model of moderation, integration and harmony. In this article, we will shed light on the religious view of international terrorism in the light of the Prophet’s biography. Starting with the detailed definition of terrorism, we will discuss this word from a political perspective also. Then we will move towards the international scenario and would point out that how some countries are committing the phenomenon of terrorism to achieve their goals. In the end, we will give some examples from the Prophet’s biography to address the phenomenon of terrorism, extremism, and to establish the atmosphere of tolerance and harmony. We will also discuss that how Islamic state faced international terrorism by Meccans and some tribes, and how Muslims countered it in a peaceful way. Then we will discuss that terrorism has nothing to do with Islam, nor with the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (blessings and peace be upon him). Those who use the name of Islam to spread extremism and terrorism, have nothing to do with Islam. Islam does not allow anyone to commit any kind of terrorism. Some Qur’anic rulings will also be presented to highlight the promotion of virtue and the prevention of vice, and the political and democratic struggle against injustice and oppression

Evaluation of Shear Strength of High Strength Concrete Beams

In this thesis, the shear properties of High Strength Reinforced Concrete (HSRC) beams have been investigated on the basis of available research data and experimental work at Structural Laboratories of University of Engineering and Technology Taxila-Pakistan. The shear capacity of High Strength Reinforced Concrete (HSRC) beams is relatively less investigated in the contemporary research, as most of the research data available is based on the results from normal strength reinforced concrete with compressive strength of 40MPa or less. There is a general consensus amongst the researchers in the field of Structural Engineering and Concrete Technology that the shear strength of HSRC beams, unlike the Normal Strength Reinforced Concrete (NSRC) does not increase, in the same proportion as the increase in the compressive strength of concrete, due to brittle behaviour of the High Strength Concrete. Hence the current empirical equations proposed by most of the building and bridges codes for shear strength of HSRC beams are less conservative as compared to the Normal Strength Reinforced Concrete (NSRC) beams. This major observation by the researchers is the main focus of this research. An extensive literature review of the shear properties of Normal Strength Reinforced Concrete (NSRC) beams and High Strength Reinforced Concrete (HSRC) beams was undertaken. Additionally the shear strength of disturbed region (D-Region) was also studied. In disturbed region the ordinary beams theory based on Bernoulli’s theorem is not applicable. In the literature review of disturbed regions special emphasis was laid over Strut and Tie Model (STM), which is an emerging analysis and design tool in the current research in reinforced concrete. The literature review was followed by the experimental work, which comprised of 70 high strength reinforced concrete beams and 9 two ways high strength concrete cobles. Beams were cast in two sets of 35 beams each, one set without web reinforcement and other with web reinforcement. For each set of 35 beams 3five values of longitudinal reinforcement and seven values of shear span to depth ratio were selected to mainly study the behaviour of slender beams, where typical shear failure can be anticipated. These beams were tested under monotonic load at the mid span to examine the contribution of various parameters like longitudinal steel, shear span to depth ratio, and web reinforcement, on the shear capacity of HSRC beams. It has been observed that the shear strength of beams has been increased with the increase in longitudinal steel and shear reinforcement but it has reduced with the increase in the shear span to depth ratio. The beams with low longitudinal steel ratio and no web reinforcement failed mainly due to shear flexure cracks. However the beams with longitudinal steel ratio of 1% and more failed mainly due to beam action in shear tension failure. The beams with small shear span to depth ratio and large values of longitudinal steel ratio however failed due to shear compression failure. The shear failure of HSC beams with large values of longitudinal steel and shear span to depth ratio was however more sudden and brittle, giving no sufficient warning before failure, which has been observed as serious phenomena in the shear failure of HSC beams. The addition of web reinforcement increased the shear strength of all beams tested. The failure mode was also affected. The obvious contribution of the minimum web reinforcement was avoiding the sudden failure of the HSC beams. These test results were also compared with the equations of some international building and bridges codes and methods for shear strength of HSRC beams. It has been noticed that these equations do not provide equal level of safety in the shear design of HSRC beams. Some of the codes are over conservative, while few others are less conservative for the shear design of HSRC beams. Comparison of the observed shear strength of tested HSRC beams with the results of the codes equations used, reveal that most of these equations are less conservative for shear design of HSRC beams at lower values of longitudinal steel for both cases of beams with and without web reinforcement, particularly for 4longitudinal steel ratio less than1%. Hence additional care may be required for shear design of HSRC beams at large values of shear span to depth ratios. To analyze the behaviour of typical disturbed region in concrete structures, the basic rationale of Strut and Tie Model (STM) was used for the analysis and design of two way corbels. These corbels were tested under monotonic loads applied at the overhanging portion of the corbels. The actual shear capacities of these corbels were compared with the theoretical shear capacities of the corbels worked out with the STM. The actual and theoretical values of the shear were falling close to each other. Their comparison reveals that STM can be further tested as more simple and reliable tool for analysis and design of disturbed region (D-Region) in concrete structures, through more experimental research. Further research work on shear properties of HSRC beams with higher values of compressive strength of concrete in the beam region and more experimental research on the disturbed region including pile caps, deep beams, dapped ended beams and corbels has been recommended at Engineering University-Taxila Pakistan.