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Jammu and Kashmir uprising after Burhan Wani's death

Thesis Info

Author

Sania Saeed Zafar

Supervisor

Nasreen Akhtar

Department

Department of Political Science and International Relations

Program

BS

Institute

International Islamic University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2017

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

40

Subject

Politics and International Relations

Language

English

Other

BS 320.954604 SAJ

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676721847525

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ہم مدینے کی گلیوں میں جب جائیں گے

ہم مدینے کی گلیوں میں جب جائیں گے
اشک اپنے تو تھمنے نہیں پائیں گے

ابرِ رحمت کے چھینٹے برس جائیں گے
اشک آنکھوں میں ہم جب بھی چھلکائیں گے

ہاتھ خالی تو واں سے نہیں آئیں گے
اک شفاعت کی سوغات تو لائیں گے


صبح ہو ، شام ہو، رات ہو یا کہ دن
اُن کی توصیف کے گیت ہم گائیں گے

زندگی کی کڑی دُھوپ میں خود کو ہم
گنبدِ سبز کے سائے میں پائیں گے

جب مدینے سے رُخصت کی ہو گی گھڑی
غمزدہ دل کو ہم کیسے بہلائیں گے

Kipling’s Depiction of the Great Game Between British India and Czarist Russia

This article provides valuable information about the living conditions of Muslims of the Pak-Afghan Region in the context of revisiting Rudyard Kipling’s view of the Great Game of the 19th century between Great Britain and Russia that roughly continued for about a century beginning in the second decade of the 19th century to the signing of the Anglo Russian convention in 1907. In this respect his famous novel, Kim (1901) has been critically examined to establish the political content of his creative work. Coupled with the appreciation of the novel as a great work of art with its many facets and themes, views of Edward Said have been juxtaposed to arrive at a conclusion that the novel is also a celebration of imperialism. In today’s scenario in Central Asia particularly Afghanistan, a revisit of Kipling is an interesting revelation. The discussion also reveals the similarities of the tussle of two centuries back to the realities in the region today. This insight as we appreciate Kipling’s masterpiece novel proves even more eye-catching and real. This paper also examines Peter Hopkirk’s works on the Great Game to historically asses the dialectics of the imperial struggle between the two super powers of the time. In this connection, a brief discussion is available on the three Anglo-Afghan Wars as well as the conflict in Kashgharia. This article presents an overview of the view head by Russians on the conflict which they call Tournament of Shadows or Bolshya Igra involving spies and military personnel. A fresh look at Kipling’s works in general and his novel Kim, in particular, helps explore the very essentials of the working of Imperialism and empire-building, which is the main stay of this paper. A deeper look would understandably unfurl big powers rivalry in general, and the present day security situation in Asia in particular, by going through the works of a great writer; the first Englishman and the youngest recipient for Nobel Prize in Literature (1907).  

Competitive Interactions of Wild Oat Avena Fatua L. and Wheat Triticum Aestivum L. under Two Different Agroecological Conditions in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Crop-weed competition and interactions are the focus of many researchers to make weed management decision accurate and economical. Therefore pot and field studies were conducted in two consecutive years (2012-13 and 2013-14) at two different locations viz Peshawar (34.0167° N, 71.5833° E) and Chitral (35° 50'' 46 N, 71° 47'' 9 E) of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province, Pakistan. The aims of the experiments were to determine the competitive ability of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) with wheat (Triticum aestivum L) at two ecologically different locations and the possible effects on quantity and quality of wheat grains. In field studies, the experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (additive design) with three replications in which the seed rate of wheat (var. Ata-Habib) was 125 kg ha-1 while wild oat was sown at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 plants m-2. All other weeds were removed manually. Field data showed that number of spikes m-2, number of grains spike-1, and biological yield of wheat during year 1 and plant height and spike length of wheat during year 2 were significantly higher at Peshawar when compared with Chitral. However, the grain yield of wheat was statistically similar at both the locations. The effects of different wild oat densities during both the years were prominent by significantly decreasing the grain and biological yield related variables of wheat. During both the years, the number of tillers and spikes in wild oat-free plots were significantly higher than wild oat infested plots; depending on density. Wild oat density above 5 m-2 resulted in decreasing the wheat yield components. These results showed that wild oat start competition at initial stage of the wheat. All other yield related variables of wheat were decreased with the increasing density of wild oat, indicated that wild oat compete with wheat throughout the crop season. The grain yield losses in wheat ranged from 2-35% during year 1 and 1-21% during year 2 at wild oat density of 5-40 plants m-2. The interaction of location and treatments on biological and grain yield was significant; showing that certain environmental factors favoured the wheat. Like wheat, wild oat biomass and plant height was also higher at Peshawar as compared to Chitral. The quality variables of wheat grains showed that protein content in wheat grains was decreased at higher densities of wild oat. During year 2, the gluten content in Chitral was decreased with increase in density of wild oat. The replacement series experiment showed that the relative yield total (RYT) was vi close to 1; indicating that both species are equally competitive although wheat was relatively dominant species (under field conditions) in mixtures. The same experiments (additive and replacement series) were conducted in pots. The density of wheat was kept constant (10 plants pot-1) while the densities of A. fatua were 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 plants pot-1. Biomass of wheat and wild oat (pot-1) were recorded. While in replacement series experiment, the same protocol was used except, that there were eleven treatments and the total density of crop and weed (wheat and wild oat) in each pot was constant, but species grown together were varied from 0 to 100%. Plants established in a mixture with proportions of 10:00, 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, 3:7, 2:8, 1:9 and 0:10 (wheat : wild oat) plants pot-1. Pot experiments showed that wheat biomass was similar during both years while wild oat biomass was significantly higher. Wheat and wild oat biomass was decreased (R2 value of 96 %) for wheat and wild oat (R2 value of 94 %) in quadratic fashion. Relative yield total (RYT) showed that both the species are competitive where wheat was dominant in term of biomass production under the mentioned cultural practices. The regression equation demonstrated a good fit to the data with R2 values of 89% in year 1 as compared 96% during year 2. However, wild oat gave higher RYT in pots as compared to field conditions. In light of the present studies, it is concluded that presence of wild oat decreased all yield and biological yield related variables of wheat. Because early stage and later stage related variables of wheat were decreased, suggested that wild oat competes with wheat throughout the crop season. Apart from these, the quality variables of wheat; especially protein content is decreased due to presence of wild oat at higher density. Hence management of wild oat at any location needs to be implemented to get higher yield of wheat grains with good protein content. Due to morphological similarity of wild oat with wheat, this weed proved strong competitor. Therefore, it is suggested that wild oat needs to be controlled in wheat even at density of less than 5 plants m-2.