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Registration Health and Housing Problems of Afghan Refugees in Islamabad-Pakistan

Thesis Info

Author

Muhammad Sohail Akbar

Supervisor

Muhammad Latif Virk

Institute

Allama Iqbal Open University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2005

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

viii 57.

Subject

Social Sciences

Language

English

Other

Call No: 305.906914 SOR; Publisher: Aiou

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676710336850

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متن کی اقسام

متن:
جس مطبوعہ یا غیر مطبوعہ تحریر کو متنی نقاد مرتب کرنا چاہتا ہے، اسے متن کہتے ہیں۔ متن کے لیے ضروری ہے کہ وہ تحریر ہو۔ متن نظم بھی ہوسکتا ہے اور نثر بھی ، متن قدیم بھی ہوسکتا ہے اور عہد حاضر کے مصنف کی تصنیف بھی۔
’’ ہزاروں صفحوں پر پھیلی ہوئی ہو یا ایک صفحہ کی مختصر سی تحریر دونوں متن ہوسکتے ہیں جو متنی نقاد قلی قطب شاہ کا کلام مرتب کرنا چاہتا ہے، اس کے لیے پورا کلیاتِ قلی قطب شاہ متن ہوگا۔ اس کے برعکس غالب کا ایک خط مرتب کرنے والے کے لیے چند سطروں کا خط بھی متن ہوگا۔
متن کی اقسام:
متن کی اہم اقسام مندرجہ ذیل ہیں۔
وسائل تحفظ کے اعتبار سے اقسام:
الف۔ الوہی کتب یا سماوی کتب جیسے قرآن مجید، عہد نامہ قدیم و جدید وغیرہ
ب۔ منقوش کتب جو پتھر یا دھات پر نقش ہوں
ج۔ کم ویرپا وسائل کے حوالیسے عبارات محفوظ کی گئی ہوں ،جن پر آب و ہوا اور موسم کے اثرات مرتب ہوئے ہوں اور بعد والوں نے اس پر مختلف ادوار میں یہ تبدیلیاں کردی ہوں۔
رسم تحریر اور املا کے لحاظ سے اقسام:
ا۔ایک سے زیادہ زبانوں میں لکھئے گئے متن
ب۔ایک زبان میں لکھے گئے متون
ج۔ املا اور زمانہ تصنیف میں رشتہ ہوتا ہے۔اس لیے ایک زبان میں ہی، مگرکئی رسوم خط میں لکھا گیا متن
د۔ایک ہی متن کے متون مختلف املاؤں اور رسوم خط کے حامل ہوتے ہیں۔
موضوع کے اعتبار سے اقسام:
الف۔ایک موضوع کے حامل متون
ب۔ مختلف موضوعات کے حامل متون
ج۔ مختلف جہتوں کے حامل متون
تالیفی نوعیت کے لحاظ سے اقسام:
الف۔اصل متن جو کہ تصنیف کا بنیادی متن ہوتا ہے اور مصنف کی اپنی تخلیق یا تحقیق ہوتا ہے۔
ب۔ اضافی متن جو کہ تشریحی...

صلح حدیبیہ: آنحضرت کی ﷺ سیاسی، معاشرتی اور دفاعی حکمت عملی

Hazrat Muhammad (SAW) is the last Apostle to human beings. He was gifted with a divine Deen having complete code of life. Every field of life has been discussed in the Holy Quran and Sunnah of the Prophet r. As an Apostle, head of the state and army commander, He guided the mankind and provided an excellent example in all the perspectives of life. As a commander of the Islamic forces, the Holy Prophet r fought twenty seven Ghazwat after migration to Madina. In Zeqaida 6 AH, during the pact of Hudaibia a complete turn was taken by Muslims. After this event, the Muslim army role changed to offensive rather than defensive. Immediately, after the pact, the Holy Prophet r attacked on Khyber in Muharram 7th AH, while the whole Hijaz region was captured during the Ghazwa Fath-i-Makkah. In this article, the strategy and tactics employed by the Holy Prophet r during Hudaibia truce have been discussed. These tactics are useful and beneficial in modern era warfare also. As an ideal for all the Ummah, lessons should be extracted by the commanders to defend their motherland and ideological boundries.

Expression of F Protein Gene in Maize for Production Edible Vaccine Against Newcastle Disease Virus

The aim of present study is the cloning of F and HN gene in plant expression vector to develop plant-based edible vaccine against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) of poultry. NDV was collected from Veterinary Research Institute, Lahore, Pakistan on request. ~1662bp F gene and ~1712bp HN gene were PCR amplified from cDNA of NDV that were TA cloned and further evaluated through sequencing. BLAST results determined the specificity of these genes in accordance with previously reported Mukteswar strain (Accession # GU182327). Both F and HN genes were ligated into pET30a expression vector to produce recombinant pET-F and pET-HN. Both recombinant constructs were transformed in E. coli Rosetta cells to study the prokaryotic expression of immunogenic protein. Induction by adding IPTG generated increased yield of protein and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis confirmed protein on desired size (~67kDa for F and ~69kDa for HN). Further western blot analysis, confirmed specificity of protein through antigen antibody reaction at proper size. Protein purification using IMAC affinity chromatography was performed and the appearance of single band of F protein at ~67kDa and HN protein at ~69kDa confirmed the specificity of our desired immunogenic protein. 2D and 3D structural analysis of F and HN proteins through Immune epitope database (IEDB) analysis resource tool revealed that more than 70% of its sequence is antigenically active and the predicted protein regions behave as epitopes. After prokaryotic expression of both F and HN genes, the next major objective of this study was to construct pCAMBIA 1301 with both F and HN for plant transformation. After confirming F and HN inserts, recombinant pCAMBIA-F+HN plasmid was electroporated into Agrobacterium cells (LBA4404) using a Bio-Rad electroporation device. After confirming the presence of F or HN genes in Agrobacterium, embryos from inbred lines of maize were transformed with recombinant pCAMBIA-F+HN by Agrobacterium mediated nuclear transformation. Further, the presence of F and HN genes in transgenic maize plants were confirmed through different molecular biological tools. The putative plants were confirmed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR confirmed a short fragment of ~181bp and ~191 for F and HN genes respectively. RT-PCR analysis confirmed the expression of F and HN genes in corn leaves and seeds respectively. The comparitive analysis of Ct values obtained by qRT-PCR revealed that the expression of F gene increased from 2-7.1 fold. Similarly, comparison of Ct value by qRTPCR confirmed that expression of HN gene increased from 0.5 to 4 fold as compared to negative control.Protein expression of F and HN genes were confirmed through ELISA and western blot by using gene specific antibodies. In ELISA, both F and HN proteins expression were observed in putative plants. The maximum obtained concentration of F gene was in the range of 0.15μg/ml to 0.166 μg/ml. Similarly, maximum obtained concentration of HN protein wasin the range of 0.195μg/ml 0.24μg/ml. The plants with high mRNA expression of F and HN genes were confirmed through western blot analysis. Transgenic plants produced a fragment of 67kDa for F protein and 69kDA for HN protein which confirmed the expression of transgene. Furthermore, immuniztion of chicks with transgenic maize and immune response generated by ELISA results showed production of anti-NDV antibodies in sera of chicks. On the other side ELISA results from the sera of chicks having non-transgenic diet did not induce any significant immune response. This is a key achievement of this study, which can lead towards development of plantbased edible vaccine against Newcastle disease virus of poultry.