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Inventory of E-waste in Rawalpindi

Thesis Info

Author

Aamir Ali Malik

Supervisor

Muhammad Irfan Khan

Department

Department of Environmental Science

Program

MSc

Institute

International Islamic University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

55

Subject

Environmental Sciences

Language

English

Other

MA/MSC 621.38150286 AAI

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676722094077

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غارِ حرا

غار حرا
مکہ معظمہ سے تین میل کے فاصلہ پر ایک غار ہے جس کو حرا کہتے ہیں ۔ اب اس کو جبل النور کہتے ہیں ۔ اس غار کا طول چار گز اور عرض پونے دو گز ہے اونچائی اتنی ہے کہ ایک دراز قد آدمی کھڑے ہو کر اس میں نماز پڑھ سکتا ہے دھوپ اور بارش سے بھی بہت حدتک محفوظ ہے۔ آپ ﷺْ کھانے پینے کا سامان لے کر وہاں چلے جاتے اور جب تک کھانے پینے کی اشیاء ختم نہ ہوتیں ، آپ ﷺ واپس تشریف نہ لاتے ۔ آپ ﷺ وہاں عبادت میں مصروف رہتے ۔ یہاں سوال یہ پیدا ہوتا ہے کہ آپ کس قسم کی عبادت کیا کرتے تھے ۔ شرح بخاری عینی میں ہے ۔ ترجمہ ’’ یہ سوال کیا گیا کہ آپ کی عبادت کیا تھی ؟ تو اس کا جواب یہ ہے کہ غور و فکر اور عبرت پذیری ‘‘۔ مولانا شبلی لکھتے ہیں ’’ یہ وہی عبادت تھی جو آپ ﷺ کے دادا ابراہیم ؑ نے نبوت سے پہلے کی تھی۔ ستاروں کو دیکھا تو چونکہ تجلی کی جھلک تھی ، دھوکہ ہوا ، چاند نکلا تو اور بھی شبہ ہوا ، آفتاب پر اس سے بھی زیادہ شبہ ہوا لیکن جب سب نظروں سے غائب ہو گئے تو بے ساختہ پکار اٹھے ’’ اِنّیِ لاَ اُحِبُّ الاٰفِلِینo
انی وجھت ۔۔۔۔ والارض ( الانعام ۔۷۹) ترجمہ( میں فانی چیزوں سے محبت نہیں کرتا میں اپنا منہ اس کی طرف کرتا ہوں جس نے زمین و آسمان پیدا کیا ‘‘۔ ایک مغربی مورخ کار لائل نے آنحضرت ﷺ کی عبادت کی کیفیت اس طرح بیان کی ہے ’’ سفرو حضر میں ہر جگہ محمدﷺ کے دل میں ہزاروں سوال پیدا ہوتے تھے، میں کیا ہوں ؟ یہ غیر متناہی عالم کیا ہے ؟ نبوت کیا...

Role of Islam in Practical Life amongst Some Young Swiss Muslim Adults: A Focused Ethnographic Analysis

Contemporary secular Switzerland has been polarised by more than two decades of anti-Muslim sentiments, conveyed through misrepresentative narratives by some politicians and media, ‘otherising’ Islam and Muslim-related issues. This polarised environment may have triggered ambivalent impacts on the personal development of Swiss-born Muslims Consequently, I suggest that they live in an ambivalent position, where their status as Muslim is not fully acknowledged and their belonging to Switzerland still questioned. Indeed, this article will explore the following research question: How do some young Swiss-born Muslim adults construct their subjectivities and experiences linked to Islam in their daily lives in contemporary Switzerland? The research methodology of this focused ethnography draws on various semi-structured interviews and informal conversations with several young Swiss Muslim men and women. The paper focuses on (a) Switzerland’s socio-cultural and political context and (b) the various ways this study’s research partners construct their ambivalent subjectivities through the analysis of their individual trajectories and narratives. It concludes that young Swiss Muslim adults formulate and produce alternative narratives, in order to make sense of their lives and accommodate various layers of identification in contemporary Switzerland. Eventually some recommendations for further research are formulated.  

Stylistic Devices in Sylvia Plath: A Textual Analysis of 'The Bell Jar' and Selected Poems

Stylistic Devices in Sylvia Plath: A Textual Analysis of 'The Bell Jar' and Selected Poems This research is being conducted to investigate stylistic devices utilized to construct Sylvia Plath’s novel ‘The Bell Jar’ and selective poems from her early and later poetry. The researcher has mainly focused upon the textual analysis of her works. Sylvia Plath holds prominent stance as a post war American Poetess, her works are termed as confessional and slightly auto biographical, comprehensive details of her life are discussed in Chapter 1. Plath’s energy as a writer lies in her personal life experiences, most of her work is autobiographical therefore we are bound to review her personal life to analyze her works. She invested a lot of her energy into writing poetry but her only novel ‘The Bell Jar’ is a poignant prototype of a young women gradually seeping into the realm of mental breakdown. The whole book undergoes symbolism and cynicism in its many layers to unveil the harsh reality of depression and realization of social inequality. Sylvia Plath’s style of writing (in ‘The Bell Jar’) is very simplistic and easy to understand, but is also full of radiant detail..............Sylvia Plath has a pure voice that rings. She is witty. Her words have punch. She paces words well and she uses words well, precisely. A tale of a sane woman in an insane world, or is it anyway a great tale narrated with vivid imagery. The dark humor of the text is a counter to melancholy of the main character. (69:71) This simplistic style is transformed into complicated symbols and metaphors in her poetry. Sylvia Plath is a poet of decadence, death, misery, war, hunger, pain, suffering, angst, anger; passion, animism, and intense scorn are the key images of her works. Her style is also influenced by traditionalists. Her style is narrative and it usually has a first, second or third person narrators. Images of Death and Life for her poems are frequently inculcated in her works. Plath constantly uses metaphors or witty symbols for representation of her ideas. Plath’s works are marred with pessimism, deception, degradation and feministic retaliation towards the unjust hegemony of patriarchic society. Her work presents suffering and sickness for example ‘Cut’, ‘Fever 103 ̊’, ‘Plaster’ and ‘Tulips’. Even in the novel Esther is psychologically disturbed person on the verge of a breakdown, she even struggles to spend a normal healthy life. Though Plath’s works are termed as subjective projections of her own troubled neurotic self, still, her work holds universality of human emotions a feeling experienced by the oppressed classes or gender. The researcher concluded that “The Bell Jar” is a ground basis for her poetry there are many poems which bears references from the novel they will be mentioned in this paper.