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Economic theory of crime causation : a comparative study of Shariah and Western legal thoughts/

Thesis Info

Author

Ghulam Asghar

Supervisor

Ataullah Khan Mahmood

Department

Department of Law

Institute

International Islamic University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2015

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

58

Subject

Law

Language

English

Other

Available at Dr Hamidullah Library,Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University, Pakistan at LLM 349 GHE

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676722127264

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اسم ِ استفہامیہ : أین؟

اسم ِ استفہامیہ :أین؟

(کہاں؟)

ارشارِ ربانی ہے:

"أَيْنَ شُرَكَائِيَ الَّذِينَ كُنْتُمْ تَزْعُمُونَ"۔[[1]]

"کہاں ہیں میرے وہ شریک جن کا تم بڑا دعوی کرتے تھے؟"۔

یعنی وہ بت یا اشخاص ہیں، جن کو تم دنیا میں میری الوہیت میں شریک گردانتے تھے، انھیں مدد کے لئے پکارتے تھے اور ان کے نام کی نذر نیاز دیتے تھے، آج کہاں ہیں؟ کیا وہ تمہاری مدد کر سکتے ہیں اور تمہیں میرے عذاب سے چھڑا سکتے ہیں؟ یہ تقریع وتوبیخ کے طور پر اللہ تعالیٰ ان سے کہے گا، ورنہ وہاں اللہ کے سامنے کس کی مجال ہوگی؟



[[1]]         القرآن ، ۲۸: ۶۲۔

ہیومنزم کے نظریہ پر تنقید و تحقیق: اسلام کی روشنی میں

Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that empha-sizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism and empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition. Humanism as a philosophy today can be as little as a perspective on life or as much as an entire way of life; the common feature is that it is always focused primarily on human needs and interests. Humanism is a rational philosophy informed by science, inspired by art, and motivated by compassion. Humanism derives the goals of life from human need and interest rather than from theological or ideological abstractions, and asserts that humanity must take responsibility for its own destiny. Humanism is a democratic and ethical life stance which affirms that human beings have the right and responsibility to give meaning and shape to their own lives. It stands for the building of a more humane society through an ethics based on human and other natural values in a spirit of reason and free inquiry through human capabilities. It is not theistic, and it does not accept supernatural views of reality. Islam rejects the basic philosophical premise that humans rather than God are the measure of all things and that all intrinsic moral values are derived from human desires and needs. Islam, like other Semitic religions, teaches that God is the ultimate source of all moral values. Humanistic psych-ology concepts are too vague. Critics argue that subjective ideas such as authentic and real experiences are difficult to objectify; an experience that is real for one individual may not be real for another person. For this reason, critics believe that conclusions drawn from subjective experiences are almost impossible to verify, making research in humanistic psych-ology unreliable. In addition, critics claim that humanistic psychology is not a true science because it involves too much common sense and not enough objectivity.

Pharmacological Investigations on Some Indigenous Plants of Cholistan Desert

Aims of study The present study was undertaken to validate traditional medicinal claims and to further explore pharmacological actions of four indigenous plants of Cholistan desert (Asphodelus tenuifolius, Corchorus depressus, Gisekia pharnaceoides and Salsola imbricata) in relation to gastrointestinal, respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Material and methods The dried and powdered plants materials were extracted by maceration using aqueous-ethanol as solvent to obtain crude extracts. The crude extracts, their ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions were tested for gastrointestinal, bronchodilator and cardiovascular activities; in vitro experiments were performed upon isolated tissue preparations of rabbit using standard tissue organ bath techniques and in vivo experiments were performed in mice and rats. Results The crude extract of Asphodelus tenuifolius (Cr.At) relaxed spontaneous, potassium (25 mM) and potassium (80 mM) mediated contractions in isolated jejunum preparations, while being equipotent in relaxing potassium (25 mM) and potassium (80 mM) mediated contractions, in manner similar to verapamil. Pretreatment of jejunum preparations with Cr.At or verapamil shifted calcium concentration response curves (CRCs) rightward with suppression of maximum effect. Aqueous fraction of Cr.At exhibited contractile effect upon spontaneous contractions in jejunum preparations. Oral administration of Cr.At to mice caused significant increase of charcoal meal intestinal transit at dose of 100 mg per kg; enhanced wet and total feces counts at doses of 50 and 100 mg per kg; but it significantly decreased charcoal meal intestinal transit at 500 mg per kg dose. Cr.At (300, 500 and 700 mg per kg; orally) reduced castor oil induced diarrhea in mice. In rabbit isolated tracheal preparations, Cr.At was more potent against potassium (80 mM) than carbachol (1 µM) mediated contractions and shifted carbachol CRCs rightward in non-parallel fashion. In rabbit isolated aortic preparations (endothelium denuded), Cr.At was more potent against potassium (80 mM) than phenylephrine (1 µM) mediated contractions. In isolated rabbit paired atria, Cr.At caused overall negative inotopic and chronotropic effects. Intravenous administration of Cr.At (3-30 mg per kg) to anesthetized normotensive rats produced hypotensive effect, which remained unchanged on pre-treating the animals with atropine. Spasmolytic constituents were found partitioned in ethyl acetate fraction of Cr.At, whereas aqueous fraction was found to contain spasmogenic activity. The crude extract of Corchorus depressus (Cr.Cd) relaxed spontaneous, potassium (25 mM), potassium (80 mM) and carbachol (1 µM) mediated contractions in rabbit isolated jejunum preparations; being most potent in relaxing carbachol (1 µM) mediated contractions, and equally potent in relaxing potassium (25 mM) and potassium (80 mM) mediated contractions, similar to that of dicyclomine. It shifted calcium CRCs upon jejunum preparations rightward in non-parallel manner, similar to that of dicyclomine. Aqueous fraction of Cr.Cd exhibited atropine sensitive contractile effect on spontaneous contractions of rabbit jejunum preparations. Oral administration of Cr.Cd to mice (50 and 100 mg per kg) caused significant increase in charcoal meal intestinal travel, enhanced formation of wet and total stool; but at 300 and 500 mg per kg doses, it significantly decreased charcoal meal intestinal travel. It also reduced castor oil induced diarrhea in mice at oral doses of 500 and 700 mg per kg. In isolated tracheal preparations, Cr.Cd was more potent in relaxing carbachol (1 µM) than potassium (80 mM) mediated contractions and shifted carbachol CRCs rightward, similar to that of dicyclomine. In isolated rabbit aorta, Cr.Cd relaxed potassium (80 mM) mediated contractions. In isolated rabbit paired atria, Cr.Cd was found to possess atropine sensitive cardio-depressant activity. Intravenous administration of Cr.Cd (1-30 mg per kg) to anesthetized normotensive rats produced hypotensive effect, which was reversed upon pre-treating animals with atropine. Gisekia pharnaceoides extract (Cr.Gp) and its ethyl acetate fraction caused preferential inhibition of potassium (25 mM) than potassium (80 mM) mediated contractions in rabbit isolated jejunum, tracheal and aortic preparations; which was attenuated in presence of glibenclamide (3 µM), in a manner similar to that of cromakalim. The aqueous fraction of Cr.Gp produced contractions on baseline of rabbit jejunum, tracheal and aortic preparations; which were attenuated subsequent to pre-incubation of tissues with caffeine (10 mM). Cr.Gp was found to possess glibenclamide sensitive cardio-depressant effects upon spontaneously beating rabbit paired atria. Oral administration of Cr.Gp to mice (50 and 100 mg per kg) resulted significant inhibition of castor oil induced diarrhea as well as significant decrease in charcoal meal intestinal travel; but at higher doses (300 and 500 mg per kg), it significantly increased charcoal meal intestinal travel and increased formation of diarrheal feces in normal mice. Intravenous administration of Cr.Gp (1-30 mg per kg) to anesthetized normotensive rats produced hypotensive effect. The crude extract of Salsola imbricata (Cr.Si) relaxed spontaneous, potassium (25 mM), potassium (80 mM) and carbachol (1 µM) mediated contractions in smooth muscle preparations of rabbit isolated jejunum. Pretreatment of tissue preparations with Cr.Si shifted calcium CRCs toward right with suppression of maximum effect, in a manner similar to verapamil. Pretreatment of tissue with propranolol (1 µM) partially antagonized the relaxant activity of the extract upon carbachol mediated contractions, similar to that of isoprenaline. Oral administration of Cr.Si (100, 300 and 500 mg per kg) in mice caused inhibition of charcoal meal intestinal travel and prevented castor oil induced diarrhea. In smooth muscle preparations of rabbit isolated trachea, Cr.Si relaxed potassium (80 mM) and carbachol (1 µM) mediated sustained contractions equipotently; shifted carbachol CRCs rightward in non-parallel fashion; and propranolol (1 µM) decreased its relaxant effect upon carbachol (1 µM) mediated contractions. In isolated aortic preparations, the Cr.Si caused doxazosin sensitive contractions upon baseline tension and relaxed potassium (80 mM) mediated contractions. Cr.Si demonstrated cardiotonic activity upon spontaneously beating paired atria, which was reversed in presence of propranolol (1 µM). Intravenous administration of Cr.Si (1-30 mg per kg) to normotensive anesthetized rats produced dose dependent hypertensive effect, which was blocked in co-presence of propranolol and doxazosin. Calcium channel blocking constituents were found to be concentrated in ethyl acetate fraction, whereas aqueous fraction of Cr.Si was found responsible for aortic contractions. The crude extracts, when administered orally to rats, increased urine and urinary electrolytes (Na+, K+ and Cl-) excretion to different extent. Conclusion The study concludes that Cr.At, Cr.Cd and Cr.Gp possess gut modulatory, bronchorelaxant, hypotensive and diuretic activities; whereas Cr.Si was found to exhibit gut relaxant, bronchorelaxant, hypertensive and diuretic activities. Possible mechanisms responsible for the observed pharmacological activities of the extracts include, but not limited to, calcium channel blocking mechanism in Asphodelus tenuifolius; calcium channel blocking, muscarinic and antimuscarinic mechanisms in Corchorus depressus; ATP dependent potassium channel opening and calcium channel blocking mechanisms in Gisekia pharnaceoides; and calcium channel blocking and adrenergic receptors agonistic mechanisms in Salsola imbricata. The study validated some of the ethnic medicinal claims of the plants along with mechanistic background.