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Remodling of a Public Primary School Building in Islamabad; Securing Conducive Environment for Children

Thesis Info

Author

Saima Iqbal

Supervisor

Nomana Anjum

Institute

Allama Iqbal Open University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2009

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

xii107 .

Subject

Social Sciences

Language

English

Other

Call No: 363.7 SAR; Publisher: Aiou

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676710354198

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شہری ہوں مدینے کے یا اعرابِ مدینہ

شہری ہوں مدینے کے یا اعرابِ مدینہ
ہیں قابلِ رشک آپؐ کے اصحابِ مدینہ

قربان ہوئے آپؐ کی اک ایک ادا پر
مکے کے مہاجر ہوں کہ احبابِ مدینہ

دہلیز پہ آقاؐ کی کھڑے ہیں کہ طلب ہو
سیکھے کوئی جبریلؑ سے آدابِ مدینہ

بجھنے نہیں دیتا ہے کسی منظرِ جاں کو
آنکھوں کے دریچوں میں سجا خوابِ مدینہ

اک بار محبت سے تصور تو کرو تم
اللہ بنا دیتا ہے اسبابِ مدینہ

صحرائے عزیمت ہو کہ میدانِ قیامت
پیاسا نہیں مرتا کبھی سیرابِ مدینہ

بج اُٹھیں گے سب تار مری رُوح کے عابدؔ
ہاتھ آئے کہیں میرے وُہ مضرابِ مدینہ

Contact Tracing: A Forgotten Tool?

Contact tracing is done to interrupt the spread or transmission of the causative agent to others who are in close contact with the index case and are vulnerable by not being immune. Public health experts have relied on contact tracing to reduce the spread of infections throughout history. Now the same method is being used for COVID 19. The healthcare systems in developing countries are ill-equipped to respond to pandemics of this kind. Our healthcare facility effectively employed the traditional contact tracing tool that formed the basis of a strong support system for all those employees who contracted Corona virus infection.

Optimization of Block Encryption Based Speech Coder Against Transmission Channel Noise

Compression of data has become a worldwide phenomenon during the past few decades for reason of achieving savings in band-width (BW) and hence makes it cost effective. The widespread practice of encryption of data has generated interest for many decades and it mainly aims at protection of data. Combining these two apparently contrary processes (in terms of BW) is quite challenging. Whereas the research on concurrent data compression and data protection (encryption) is still on, the methodology adopted by the author is unique and quite new. The most important aim of data compression technique is the need for curtailing the data storage and communication expenses. The source message (long) is converted to a codeword (small). The key objective of data encryption is to guard the integrity of data if it is intercepted by an eavesdropper. The plaintext is transformed in to ciphertext using an encryption key or keys. Combining the processes of compression and encryption together must be done in this order, that is, compression followed by encryption because all compression techniques heavily rely on the redundancies inherently part of a regular text or speech. The speech compression has been achieved using Lempel-Ziv 78 algorithm and a new algorithm for encryption/decryption, named ―The RandomOne, abbreviated as TR-1‖ is developed during this study and is thoroughly tested. The results obtained are quite encouraging. Firstly, contrary to the use of conventional methods the algorithm developed in this study does not use exclusive-OR (XOR) operation in Permutation (P) and Distribution (D) boxes for producing ciphertext from the plaintext. In this scheme pseudo random number (PRN) is used only to deceive the intruder by adding more confusion (meaning compared to the confusion due to the use of some tested algorithms used in this research). In fact only the sender of information and the intended recipient (not intruders) should be aware of the 44 bit positions filled by the PRN in a 128 word. The intended recipient discards these during deciphering process at the right time (these are disposed of before performing the inverse mapping in the P-Box). Secondly, protection against attacks is further ensured by using two supplementary keys, one for the P-Box, and another for the D-box. In addition the routine key-set of the N selected algorithms further enhances the security. In a small set-up, the distribution of key-set can be mutually agreed upon by the users; but in a large set-up, the distribution of these sets can be accomplished using standard key distribution techniques. Moreover, the proposed algorithm also differs from the other methods currently in use due to deployment of a ―sentinel marker”; which is not adopted by other algorithms and this proposal is purely the brain child of the author. The sentinel marker is part of the secret key which is pre-decided and predetermined by the sender and the intended recipient of the information. Twenty bits (out of a total of 128) are used for the sentinel marker which amounts to 2^20 = 1,048,576 possibilities combined with 2^44 = 17.6 trillion possibilities of the ciphertext produced by the PRN. The job for the cryptanalyst to break this cipher becomes formidable and a fool-proof security of data is ensured.