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Home > Problems faced by orphanage children:a study of orphan homes in Gilgit

Problems faced by orphanage children:a study of orphan homes in Gilgit

Thesis Info

Author

Zainab Batool

Supervisor

Rabia Gul

Department

Department of Sociology

Program

MSc

Institute

International Islamic University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

68

Subject

Sociology

Language

English

Other

MA/MSC 362.732 ZAP

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676722274437

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باب اول: قدرتی وسائل کا مطالعہ

قدرتی وسائل کا تعارف

فیروز اللغات میں قدرتی کے لغوی معنی " طبعی، فطری، اصلی، حقیقی، پیدائشی" [1] بیان کئے گئےہیں۔ جبکہ وسائل کا لفظ وسیلہ کی جمع ہے اس لئے فروز اللغات میں وسیلے کے لغوی معنی "وسیلے، واسطے"[2] کے بیان کئے گئے ہیں۔ علمی اردو لغت کے قدرتی کےلغوی معنی "قدرت سے منسوب، فطری، خلقی، پیدائشی، اصلی، ذاتی۔ "[3] بیان کئے گئے ہیں۔ جبکہ اردو لغت میں وسیلہ کے معنی "ذریعہ، واسطہ، سبب"[4] بیان کئے گئے ہیں۔

"البحث اللغوی عند العرب "میں قدرتی وسائل کو بیان کیا گیا ہے:

"المعجم مبوب بحسب ما في الكون كله من آثار في الأرض، وآيات في السماء وبكل ما تحمل الدنيا ويدب فيها من إنسان أو حيوان أو طير أو نبات، وما تحفل به بطنها من معدن، أو ينتأ فوقها من صخر"[5]

 کائنات میں زمین اہم قدرتی وسیلہ ہے جس پر انسان، جانور، پرندے، حیوانات اور دوسری اشیاء پائی جاتی ہیں۔ زمین کا پیٹمعدنیات سے بھرا ہوا ہے جبکہ دوسرے قدرتی وسائل زمین کی سطح پر پھیلی ہوئے ہیں۔ پانی، ہوا، خوراک اور روشنی و حرارت جیسےقدرتی وسائل کرہ ارض پر جانداروں کی حیات و بقا کے لئے بنیادی ضروریاتِ زندگی ہیں۔

 معروف مسلم فلاسفر امام غزالیؒ لکھتے ہیں:

" الأموال إنما تحصل من المعادن والنبات والحيوان"[6]

امام غزالی ؒ کے مطابق انسان کی معاشی ضروریات کرہ ارض پر پائی جانے والے قدرتی وسائل معدنیات، نباتات اور حیوانات سے پوری ہوتی ہیں۔ پس ثابت ہوا کہ دنیا کا پورا معاشی نظام تین بنیادی اور بڑے قدرتی وسائل معدنیات، نباتات اور حیوانات پر انحصار رکھتا ہے۔

بھارت کا ماہر ماحولیات A R Agwᾱn لکھتا ہے:

Introducing an Unexplored South Asian Treatise on I‘jāz Al-Qur’an

The present paper explores and introduces a manuscript on i‘jaz al-Qur’ān (inimitability of the Qur’ān) named Nūr al- Īqān bi i‘jaz al-Qur’ān written by a profound South Asian Sindhi Scholar, Maulana Muhammad Ismā‘īl al-Ūdvī. The field of i‘jaz al-Qur’ān has been and is the field of interest of many Muslim as well as non-Muslim theologians and scholars. Many Muslim scholars of the Middle East and the West have written books and research papers from third/ninth Century up to present times. The main and significant reason for this is that the doctrine of i‘jaz al- Qur’ān proves the prophecy of Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him. This paper argues that Shaikh al-Ūdvī is the first South Asian Sindhi Muslim Scholar, who wrote a separate treatise in Arabic on the doctrine of i‘jaz al-Qur’ān, which is not introduced properly in academic circles of the day. In this treatise, al-Ūdvī has advanced some new and original arguments to support the doctrine and the prophecy of Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him.

Decorative Elements of the Faisal Mosque, Islamabad

The Faisal Mosque, considered by many critics to be the most successful modern mosque found in the Islamic countries, had never been the subject of a rigorous monograph. This dissertation seeks to fill this gap. The mosque is unique in its structural design and surface decorations. The dissertation gives a comprehensive study of the structural forms and the decorative elements. The material in the front four chapters is presented in the order of a walking tour of the mosque. In first chapter external features of the mosque and its setting against the Margala Hills are discussed. In the second chapter a tour of the mosque is began and the plan, entrances, and multiple levels are explained. In third chapter the tour is continued, and we enter in the sanctuary to discuss the internal features of the sanctuary and their symbolism. In fourth chapter decorative elements of the mosque such as mih*rāb, minbar, mu’adhdhin pew, marble fountain kursī and thirty volumes of the sanctuary are explained. In fifth chapter we present an analysis of the calligraphic styles used in the mosque noting the several instances of “compute” Kūfic and cursive scripts. In sixth chapter we talk about life history of Vedat Dalokay, its prize winning national and international projects, and influences of the Faisal Mosque on later built mosques of Punjab, Pakistan. Traditional decorative techniques such as mosaic work, metal engraving, marble carving, lattice work, tarkashi and variations of the traditional ones like tile decoration, inlay work and intarsia as used in this mosque are unusual in Pakistan. The techniques are discussed with special reference to the Faisal Mosque along with knowledge of their historical applications in mosques throughout the Islamic world. The rich selection of geometric designs in the mosque is described. In some cases, as in the book form of the mih*rāb, we have pointed out similar shape; shapes – in the chevron-tiles on the walls and metal chevron ornaments on doors – that shows unity of design and a symbolism of the Qur’ān itself. The mosque is an amalgam of different influences, which is combined through polygonal geometry. Ancient Egyptian, Greco-Roman, Arabian, Turkish, Iranian, Indian Sultanate and Mughal influences are pointed out. Architect of the mosque deserve appreciation to create a master piece in the field of architectural and surface decoration. After its construction several mosques of Punjab, Pakistan copied elements of its structure. Data was assembled from both primary and secondary sources. Interviews with the civil engineer of the Faisal Mosque Ahmad Rafiq, and several other architects as well as meetings with experts, artisans and concerned persons were part of the research. Published information on the Faisal Mosque was gathered from libraries located in Lahore and Islamabad and various web sites. Comparisons were made with forms used throughout Islamic world from the eight century to present. Late twentieth century mosques in Lahore and Islamabad were visited to see if the Faisal Mosque had influenced their form and decoration. The study required extensive new photographs, drawings and ground plans. Pictures and drawings are by the author unle