Sufism is the heart of Islam. It is attached with Islam as the human soul is woven within the body. Sufis have always been the center of Muslim society, especially; in the sub-continent, they have firmly imprinted their marks in every sphere of life. Various mystic traditions as Naqshbandi, Chishti, Qadri etc. Are commonly known in India and Pakistan. This study explores the great Sufi, Hakim Mohammad Akhtar, for his unprecedented services in the field of mystic practices, poetry and Islamic literature. In the initial part of the study, his family background and educational account have been described which show that not only he was a passionate follower of mystic legacy from an early age but a true stalwart of Islam. The historical account of Hakim Akhtar reveals that he was a staunch devotee of Molana Rome which resulted in the form of his famous book "Maarif-e-Masnawi". In the latter part of the study, his character and work are unveiled in a chronological order. As the follower of Sufi tradition, Hakim Akhtar was against personal glorification. Through this research study, some astonishing hidden aspects of his life have been discovered which will help his disciples and devotees to follow the path of their mentor perfectly.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of type I transmembrane pattern recognition receptors
(PRRs) that play a critical role in the innate immune system. They recognize specific molecular
patterns from a wide variety of pathogens and initiate a signaling cascade that mobilizes the
appropriate host defense. They are usually expressed on membrane of various subclasses of
immune and non-immune cells such as macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, neutrophils,
T-cells, B-cells, epithelial, endothelial and fibroblasts. In the present study, the genetic
polymorphisms in Toll-like receptors 2 (TLR2) gene was investigated in indigenous cattle breeds
Achai and Lohani of Khyber Pakhtoon Khawa (KPK) province of Pakistan. The complete
sequences of TLR2 gene composed of 5?UTR 136bp, coding sequence 2355bp and 3?UTR 1316
bp. The distribution of polymorphisms was explored in the coding region of TLR2 gene in
studied two cattle breeds. The phylogenetic analysis was performed on the basis of coding region
of TLR2 gene showed that the Bos indicus, Bos taurus as the nearest neighbors with other species
bubalus bubalis, Bos frontalis, Bos grunniens, and Bison bison. The Ovis aries and Capra hircus
in a separate group with Capra ibex, Antidorcas marsupialis, Damaliscus pygargus and the
chicken (Gallus gallus) was found to be the farthest specie. The ratio of dS/dN substitutions was
<1 at polymorphic-sites indicating purifying selection. A total of seven polymorphisms were
detected in Achai cattle breed, in which two variations were synonymous and five mutations
were non-synonymous. In the analysis, four polymorphisms were transitions type mutations
and three were transversion. The amino acid [aa] sequences analysis of the coding region (784
aa) revealed extracellular domain composed of 20 leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), trans membrane
and Toll-IL receptor domains. A total of four mutations were observed in Extracellular domain,
one in transmembrane domain, and two in TIR domain of TLR-2 protein in Achai cattle breed.
The Lohani cattle breed was more polymorphic at TLR2 gene and a total of 41 polymorphisms
were detected including 20 variations were synonymous and 21 were identified non-synonymous.
Similarly, the amino acid [aa] sequences analysis of the coding region (784 aa) revealed
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extracellular domain composed of 20 LRRs, trans membrane and Toll-IL receptor domains. A
total of 25 polymorphisms were observed in the Extracellular domain, four in transmembrane
domain and five in TIR domain, one in signal peptide. The predicted bovine TLR2 is a succulent
like having energetic sites buried inside the concave side and forming a pocket for
ligand-binding. The present study findings show that the variation may be associated with
pathogens associated molecular pattern (PAMPs) mediated differential TLR-signaling of bovine
immune response and could regulate the consequence of infection