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Effects of Benazir income support programme on women empowerment in District Malakand & Mardan

Thesis Info

Author

Sikandar Raza

Supervisor

Saif Abbasi

Department

Department of Sociology

Program

MS

Institute

International Islamic University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2017

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

84

Subject

Sociology

Language

English

Other

MS 305.42 SIE

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676722446763

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متن کی اقسام

متن:
جس مطبوعہ یا غیر مطبوعہ تحریر کو متنی نقاد مرتب کرنا چاہتا ہے، اسے متن کہتے ہیں۔ متن کے لیے ضروری ہے کہ وہ تحریر ہو۔ متن نظم بھی ہوسکتا ہے اور نثر بھی ، متن قدیم بھی ہوسکتا ہے اور عہد حاضر کے مصنف کی تصنیف بھی۔
’’ ہزاروں صفحوں پر پھیلی ہوئی ہو یا ایک صفحہ کی مختصر سی تحریر دونوں متن ہوسکتے ہیں جو متنی نقاد قلی قطب شاہ کا کلام مرتب کرنا چاہتا ہے، اس کے لیے پورا کلیاتِ قلی قطب شاہ متن ہوگا۔ اس کے برعکس غالب کا ایک خط مرتب کرنے والے کے لیے چند سطروں کا خط بھی متن ہوگا۔
متن کی اقسام:
متن کی اہم اقسام مندرجہ ذیل ہیں۔
وسائل تحفظ کے اعتبار سے اقسام:
الف۔ الوہی کتب یا سماوی کتب جیسے قرآن مجید، عہد نامہ قدیم و جدید وغیرہ
ب۔ منقوش کتب جو پتھر یا دھات پر نقش ہوں
ج۔ کم ویرپا وسائل کے حوالیسے عبارات محفوظ کی گئی ہوں ،جن پر آب و ہوا اور موسم کے اثرات مرتب ہوئے ہوں اور بعد والوں نے اس پر مختلف ادوار میں یہ تبدیلیاں کردی ہوں۔
رسم تحریر اور املا کے لحاظ سے اقسام:
ا۔ایک سے زیادہ زبانوں میں لکھئے گئے متن
ب۔ایک زبان میں لکھے گئے متون
ج۔ املا اور زمانہ تصنیف میں رشتہ ہوتا ہے۔اس لیے ایک زبان میں ہی، مگرکئی رسوم خط میں لکھا گیا متن
د۔ایک ہی متن کے متون مختلف املاؤں اور رسوم خط کے حامل ہوتے ہیں۔
موضوع کے اعتبار سے اقسام:
الف۔ایک موضوع کے حامل متون
ب۔ مختلف موضوعات کے حامل متون
ج۔ مختلف جہتوں کے حامل متون
تالیفی نوعیت کے لحاظ سے اقسام:
الف۔اصل متن جو کہ تصنیف کا بنیادی متن ہوتا ہے اور مصنف کی اپنی تخلیق یا تحقیق ہوتا ہے۔
ب۔ اضافی متن جو کہ تشریحی...

اسلام كے فوجداری نظام كا ضابطہ قسامت

e Qasama Doctrine of Islamic Criminal Law The mashroom-growth like blind murder cases, have, now a days confused and perplexed the law-enforcing agencies the reason is that such murder-cases are taken in hand and tried to be dealt with the common criminal procedures The criminal in such a case leaving no clue thereto succeed in detracting the police. As a result the FIR is lodged against an anonymous 'accused' afterwards and the case is filed because of the non-availability of required proof. Contrary to the above Islam introduces the procedure cf Qasama _ which literally means administring an oath which in juristic terminology applied to a way and process where some persons are held responsible in a blind murder for an oath in words, that; By Allah! Neither they have committed the murder nor they noticed the culprit. In case of refusal they are adjudicated for Qisasand for the payent of Diyat in vice versa. Historically Qasama procedure is traced back to pre-lslamic tribal-law which were then, afterwards modified and re-enforced by the Prophet (SAW) and his Khulafa. With the exception of some minor juristic controversies regarding the structure and framework of Qasama procedure multitude of muslim jurists hold it a valid way for the adjudication of a blind-murder. It is with all regrets that-lslamic Ideological council ( HC) despite its introduction .

Potential of Microbial Insecticides and Diatomaceous Earth Against Three Coleopterous Insect Pests of Stored Grains under Different Abiotic Conditions

Sitophilus granarius (L.), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) are the damaging insect pests of cereals and their commodities and are able to cause significant losses. Current research was performed to evaluate the lethal and progeny inhibition effect of microbial-based insecticides i.e entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana as well as bacterial based insecticides (spinetoram and abamectin) solitary andwith combination of two formulations of diatomaceous-earth (DE) against S. granarius, O. surinamensis and R. dominica. Three concentrations (1x108, 1.5x108 and 2x108 spores/kg grain) of each EPF were used while for bacterial based insecticides concentrations were 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5ppm. Similarly, for diatomaceous earth, three different doses (200, 400 and 800 ppm) of every formulation were applied. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used with three repetitions of all treatments. Mortality of test insects was recorded after 7, 14 and 21 days while after 60 days for post-treatment progeny build up. Each bioassay was performed at three levels of temperature (25°, 30° and 35°C) and relative humidity (r.h.; 45, 60 and 75%). Collected statistics were examined with applicable statistical methods using R-Software.The data analyses had shown diversified results regarding test insect susceptibility at different abiotic conditions. In case of Bacterial based insecticides, the response of treatment remained best at high temperature and low r.h. for all test insects. Complete control was achieved after 14 days for S. granarius and R. dominica while for O. surinamensis 100% mortality was not attained even after 21-d of exposure period. Progeny production was remained totally suppressed for S. granarius and R. dominica while in case of O. surinamensis there was significant reproduction at some abiotic conditions with maximum production at temperature of 30°C with 75% r.h. The response of-D.E against test insects was also effective and the most vulnerable species was O. surinamensis followed by S. granarius and R. dominica. It was observed that high temperature, low r.h. levels, higher dosages and long exposure periods increased the efficacy of DEs. Regarding progeny production, low temperature and high humidity remained most favourable for progeny emergence in DE-treated grains. The effects of EPF remained somewhat similar to the response of DE but overall mortality was low. Among tested species of insects R. dominica remained most susceptible to the application of EPF followed by O. surinamensis and S. granarius. The best abiotic condition for B. bassiana was low temperature (25°C) and moderate (60%) humidity while for M. anisopliae moderate temperature (30°C) and moderate (60%) humidity remained suitable at which maximum response was attained. Long exposure intervals and higher dose rates increased the mortality in each case. In the case of progeny development, the emergence of offspring was suppressed at moderate and low temperature for M. anisopliae and B. bassiana respectively with moderate r.h. When DE was applied in combination with the microbial insecticides, a synergistic effect was noticed in all combinations and R. dominica and S. granarius remained more susceptible as compared to O. surinamensis. The response of abiotic condition was significant for combination of DE and EPF while for DE and bacterial based insecticide it was non-significant. The results of the study divulge that all applied microbial based insecticides and DE are very effective for the control of these test insects and different abiotic conditions are responsible for affecting their efficacy. Furthermore, the combinations of these microbial insecticides with DE have a synergistic response against test insects. This study also recommends that attention should be paid to the interaction of abiotic factors with the efficacy of DE and microbial insecticides before planning IPM strategy for stored grain insect pests.