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Home > Synthesis of Some New Aza Heterocyclic Compounds and Their Characterization

Synthesis of Some New Aza Heterocyclic Compounds and Their Characterization

Thesis Info

Author

Qadir Ahmad

Supervisor

Uzma Yunus

Institute

Allama Iqbal Open University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2007

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

71.;

Subject

Chemistry

Language

English

Other

Call No: 547 QAS; Publisher: Aiou

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676710529467

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صلح حدیبیہ

صلح حدیبیہ
ذوالقعدہ سن ۶ ہجری میں آنحضرت ﷺ ۱۴۰۰ صحابہ کرام کے ساتھ عمرے کی نیت سے مکہ کو روانہ ہوئے۔ آپؐ نے اس خیال سے کہ قریش مسلمانوں کو عمرہ کرنے سے روک نہ دیں‘ ایک شخص کو مکہ بھیجا تا کہ وہ حالات کا جائزہ لے۔ پتہ چلا کہ کفار مکہ نے تمام عرب قبائل کو جمع کر کے یہ طے کیا ہے کہ مسلمانوں کو ہر گز مکہ میں داخل نہ ہو نے دیں گے۔ کفار قریش نے ایک دستہ فوج لے کر مسلمانوں کا راستا روکنے کے لیے مکہ سے نکل کر مقام ’’ بلاح‘‘ میں ڈیرے ڈال دئیے ۔ خالد بن ولید اور عکرمہ بن ابو جہل دو سو سواروں کا دستہ لے کر مقام غنیم تک پہنچ گئے۔ آپؐ نے شاہراہ سے ہٹ کر سفر کرنا شروع کر دیا اور عام راستے سے کٹ کر کے مقام حدیبیہ پر پڑائو کیا۔ حدیبہ کے مقام پر آپ ﷺ کی ناقہ قصویٰ بیٹھ گئی لوگوں نے خیال کیا کہ تھکاوٹ کے سبب بیٹھ گئی ہے لیکن آپ ﷺ نے ارشاد فرمایا ’’ حسبھا حابس الفیل عن مکہ ‘‘ آپؐ نے مناسب سمجھا کہ مصالحت ہو جائے۔ بدیل بن ورتاء آپؐ کا پیغام لے کر کفار قریش کے پاس گیا۔ اس پر عروہ بن مسعود ثقفی نے قریش سے کہا کہ آپؐ نے نہایت بھلائی کی بات کی ہے ۔ لہذٰا اجازت دو تا کہ میں ان سے معاملات طے کروں۔ قریش نے یہ بات مان لی۔
معاہدہ کی کاروائی
آنحضرت ﷺنے حضرت علیؓ کو حکم دیا کہ لکھو بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم ، اس پر قریش کانامزد سفیر سہیل بن عمرو سیخ پا ہو گیا اور کہنے لگا کہ ہم رحمن کو نہیں جانتے ، وہ لکھو جو ہم لکھا کرتے ہیں یعنی باسمک اللھم ، مسلمانوں کو یہ بات سخت...

Conditions and Qualification for Being a Judge in the Light of the Islamic Law

‘Adl and Qisṭ is indeed a manifestation of God’s mercy, rather, it may also be seen as a principal objective of Shariʿah. The origin or sources of administration of justice in Islām are the Quran, Sunnah of the holy Prophet, consensus of opinions of the jurists of Islamic jurisprudence and Analogy (Qiyās). Justice is a sacred obligation of supererogatory. It is obligatory upon the Muslim rulers to appoint judges for the dispensation of justice to attain equality, to protect the human rights from their violation, to safeguard the lives and properties, and to maintain law and order in society. As a judge is supposed to accomplish a very important and noble task being a regent of Allāh, hence, some vital merits and criteria regarding the conditions and qualifications for the appointment of the Qāḍī or judge in the light of the Qur’ān, Sunnah and Islamic jurisprudence and the code of conduct for the Pakistani judges must be observed at all costs. The author of this paper has discussed these conditions and qualifications in this article. There are some unanimous conditions for the appointment of judges, while some others are not agreed upon. While presenting the difference of opinions of the Islamic jurists, the author tried to explain, reconcile the opinions and at some places presented her own view in the light of her analysis and arguments. These conditions are around thirty, but the author according to her own discretion chose some of the most important ones to discuss in this paper.

Immunophenotypic Profile of Acute Leukemias at Agakhan University Hospital, Nairobi

Background: Reliable distinction between AML and ALL is important for the selection of appropriate therapy. The final diagnosis of acute leukemia should be based on clinico-pathological, morphological, cytochemical and molecular cytogenetics data, together with immunophenotypic information. Flow cytometry has become the preferred method for the lineage assignment and maturational analysis of malignant cells in acute leukemias. Immunophenotyping has also allowed the detection of aberrant antigen co expression and the analysis of heterogeneity and clonality of malignant cells in acute leukemias. It is insufficient to merely make a diagnosis of acute leukemia, or even AML or ALL. Further classification is essential in order to determine the prognosis and select the most appropriate treatment. Furthermore, immunophenotypic characteristics of acute leukemias have not been described in Kenya yet and the existing immunophenotypic patterns of the disease in Nairobi are not known. Objective: The main objective was to determine the relative frequencies of Acute Leukemia immunophenotypes using commonly expressed markers and to describe clinicopathological characteristics. Setting: The study was carried out at Aga Khan University Hospital Laboratory between March 2009 and March 2010. Patients and methods: One hundred and thirty two consecutive blood and bone marrow specimens were analyzed for cytomorphological characteristics and immunophenotypic markers. The clinical-pathological characteristics were also recorded for each patient with acute leukemia. The immunological category was assigned using the EGIL criteria. The end point was the immunophenotypic profiles and the association of each immunophenotype with the clinical and pathological features. Immunophenotyping was done by Flow cytometry. Results: There were 132 patients in total in whom immunophenotyping was done. These comprised of 67(50.8%) males and 65(49.2%) females with M: F ratio of 1.03:1. The age ranged from 2 years to 87 years with a median age of 29.5 years. There were 88 cases of AML and 42 cases of ALL. Only 2 cases of biphenotypic leukemia were studied. AML was found to occur more in adults with a total of 76 (86.4%) cases in patients above 15 years of age and only 12 (13.6%) cases in those below 15 years of age. The commonest AML immunophenotype in all patients was AML-M2 accounting for 26 (29.5%) cases with 19 (21.5%) cases seen in adults and 7(7.95%) in children. The peak adult age range for AML patients was 41-50 years. The proportion of AML-M4 in this study was 19.3%. Majority of ALL cases were B-ALL phenotype at 29 (96.6%) with the dominance