اُستاد عبداﷲ کنون
معاصر مراکشی عالم ، مورخ اور ادیب
( شیخ نذیر حسین )
عصر حاضر کے ممتاز مراکشی مصلح، عالم، ادیب اور مورخ استاد عبداﷲ کنون نے ۹؍ جولائی ۱۹۸۹ء کو بیاسی برس کی عمر میں انتقال کیا۔ ان کی ساری زندگی تعلیم و تدریس، تصنیف و تالیف اور دعوت و تجدید میں گزری۔ وہ ۱۳۲۶ھ؍ ۱۹۰۸ء میں فاس میں پیدا ہوئے، انھوں نے دینی اور روحانی ماحول میں پرورش پائی۔جب مراکش پر فرانسیسی سیادت قائم ہوگئی تو ان کے والد عبدالصمد طنجہ (Tangier) کے بین الاقوامی شہر میں چلے آئے۔ اس کے بعد وہ ہجرت کرکے مدینہ منورہ جانا چاہتے تھے، لیکن پہلی جنگ عظیم کے باعث وہ اپنے خاندان سمیت طنجہ ہی میں ہمیشہ کے لیے مقیم ہوگئے۔
استاد عبداﷲ کنون نے ابتدائی تعلیم اپنے والد ماجد اور اعلیٰ تعلیم مراکش کے مشاہیر علماء سے پائی۔ بیس برس کی عمر میں وہ تعلیم و تدریس کے علاوہ اخباروں اور رسالوں میں مضامین لکھنے لگے۔ اس وقت سرکاری مدارس میں فرانسیسی زبان کا چلن تھا اور عربی زبان خارج ازنصاب تعلیم تھی، اس لیے استاد عبداﷲ کنون نے مسلمان بچوں اور بچیوں کی تعلیم کے لیے طنجہ اور تطوان میں آزاد مدارس کھولے، جہاں ذریعہ تعلیم عربی زبان تھی۔
۱۹۵۳ء میں فرانسیسیوں نے سلطان محمد خامس کو معزول کرکے ایک غیر مقبول شخصیت کو مراکش کے تخت پر بٹھادیا تو سارا ملک سراپا احتجاج بن گیا۔ سلطان کی بحالی کی تحریک میں استاد عبداﷲ کنون نے قائدانہ کردار ادا کیا۔ جب سلطان محمد خامس مراکش کے تاج و تخت پر دوبارہ متمکن ہوئے تو انھوں نے عبداﷲ کنون کو طنجہ کا حاکم اعلیٰ مقرر کیا۔ اس کے بعد جب طنجہ کے بین الاقوامی علاقے کا مراکش میں انضمام ہوا تو وہ سیاسی اور مالی معاملات طے کرنے کے لیے دول یورپ اور حکومت...
Hajj is one of the five pillars of Islam and is obligatory, once in life time, on adult Muslims having physical and financial capacity. Historically, ‘Hajj’ has been a rigorous undertaking. Although technological advancement has made it easier in many ways, yet there are hardships owing to ever increasing number of pilgrims visiting Makkah Mukkaramah i.e. A city with finite resources including all available resources. The Government of Pakistan, being a facilitator, endeavors to make the Hajj experience as comfortable as is possible within the resources available and standards affordable by Pakistani Hujjaj by making extensive arrangements, through a transparent process, so that the pilgrims could perform their manasik-e-Hajj as enshrined in Quran and Sunnah. The Pilgrim accounts stress that the Hajj leads to a feeling of unity with fellow Muslims. It increases belief in equality and harmony among ethnic groups and Islamic sects and leads to more favorable attitudes toward all the people of Pakistan including women with greater acceptance of female education and employment. Hajjis show increased belief in peace, and in equality and harmony among adherents of different religions. The evidence suggests that these changes are more a result of exposure to and interaction with Hajjis from around the world, rather than religious instruction or a changed social role of pilgrims upon their return to Pakistan.
Thesis Title: Western Scholarship on ‘Origins’ of Islamic Law: An Analytical And Critical Study Orientalism is an ancient tradition of Western scholarship which portrays Islam, Muslim societies and Arabs in negative manner. Orientalist tradition was extended to Islamic legal scholarship during colonial era. Ground breaking publication of a Hungarian orientalist Ignac Goldziher (d.1921) ‘Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law’ (1910) became the basis of all future writings on this subject. Joseph Schacht (d.1969) a German orientalist carried his work in Goldziher’s footsteps and published ‘Origins of Mohammadan Jurisprudence’ (1950) and ‘An Introduction to Islamic law’ (1964) which laid the foundations of Islamic legal orientalism in academic writings of the Western world. With the advent of orientalist tradition in USA during the Cold War era, leading American universities established Oriental Studies, Near Eastern Languages and Cultures and Middle Eastern Studies departments which worked closely with U.S. State department and Foreign Affairs department to facilitate the government to establish political hegemony over the Middle East and the Muslim world. Two major assumptions put forward in the academic debate by the West on ‘Origins’ of Islamic law were inauthenticity of ḥadịth literature and influence of pre-Islamic non-Arab laws on the development of Islamic law. This dissertation carries out critical analysis of writings of Western scholars during cold war era through post 9/11 era to date, on these two issues. The objective of this research is to study the shift in paradigms, trends, approaches and methodology adopted by Western scholars of 21 st century in their writings on Origins of Islamic law and to see how this scholarship is related to European and American political hegemony over the Muslim world. Writings of Harald Motzki, Jonathan Brown, Wael Hallaq and Patricia Crone and a few more are selected to analyze 21 st century Western scholarship. Responses, rebuttals and critiques on the assumptions put forward by Western scholars of 20 th century are also part of this dissertation. A shift in trend and methodology is observed in 21 st century Western scholarship on Islamic law but the essential paradigms for the study remain the same thus putting forth similar results. It is also observed that Western scholarship on Islam is strongly connected with its political hegemony over the Muslim world. Methodologically Western scholarship has shifted from 20 th century philological zeitgeist to 21 st century social science research but it remains within the orientalist problematique. Thus Islamic law is portrayed as an essentially defective legal system and hadith literature the second primary source of Islamic law remains inauthentic in Western scholarship. However there are scholars who are aware of the fact that they are not to become hostage to biased paradigms and inadvertent commitments to political agendas in order to promote academic honesty.