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Religious discrimination against minorities :a case study of recent European laws targetig religious minorities

Thesis Info

Author

Saadia Aslam

Supervisor

Rizwan Faiz Muhammad Malik

Department

Department of Law

Program

MS

Institute

International Islamic University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2013

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

xix,171

Subject

Law

Language

English

Other

MS 346.013 SAR

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676724179597

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ناول ''جہنم جاگتا رہتا ہے'' : تحقیقی وتنقیدی جائزہ

ناول ''جہنم جاگتا رہتا ہے'' : تحقیقی وتنقیدی جائزہ

 ڈاکٹر محفوظ احمد ثاقب

سلیم اختر ڈھیرا چنیوٹ سے تعلق رکھنے والے اک نوجوان ادیب ہیں ۔ پیشے کے حوالے سے معلم ہیں اور ہائر ایجوکیشن کمیشن میں اپنی خدمات انجام دے رہے ہیں۔ ان کا بنیادی مضمون انگریزی ہے تاہم اردو ادب میں خامہ فرسائی ان کا جنونی مشغلہ ہے۔ اس سے قبل بھی موصوف اردو ادب کے افق پر اطالوی لوک کہانیوں پر مشتمل '' کہانی آوارہ ہوتی ہے'' کی شکل میں کرنیں بکھیر چکے ہیں۔ موصوف کی اس کتاب نے جنگل میں آگ کی سی تیزی کی طرح اپنی مقبولیت کا لوہا منوایا ہے۔ یہ امر قابلِ ستائش ہے کہ اس کتاب پر سینکڑوں تنقیدی نگارشات بھی پیش کی گئیں۔

زیرِ تبصرہ ناول '' جہنم جاگتا رہتا ہے'' ایک انگریزی ناول '' نو لونگر ایٹ ایز'' کا ترجمہ ہے۔ یہ انگریزی ناول ایک معروف افریقی ناول نگار چنیوا اچنبے کا ہے جس کو پہلی بار 1960ء میں شائع کیا گیا۔

مترجم سلیم اختر ڈھیرا نے زیرِ نظر ناول '' جہنم جاگتا رہتا ہے'' کو عکس پبلی کیشنز لاہور سے پہلی بار دسمبر 2022ء میں شائع کروایا۔ یہ ناول غیر مجلد ہے۔ سبز رنگ کے دیدہ زیب ورق کے ساتھ سلور رنگ میں بحرفِ جلی '' جہنم جاگتا رہتا ہے'' کندا کیا گیا ہے۔ کتاب کے سرِ ورق پر کیلی گرافی میں اک نوجوان کی تصویر چسپاں ہے جو دونوں ہاتھوں سے سر پکڑ کر انتہائی فکر اور پریشانی میں مبتلا ہے۔ پہلی نظر میں یہ تصویر قاری کو حیرت اور تجسس کے دریا میں برد کردیتی ہے کہ آخر جہنم کے جاگنے کے ساتھ اس تصویر کا کیا تعلق ہے؟ مگر ناول مکمل پڑھنے کے بعد قاری نہ صرف یہ جاننے...

Exploring the Challenges Faced by The Teachers in Developing Higher Order Thinking Skills Among Students at Higher Education Level

This study was designed to describe the importance of higher order thinking skills (HOTS) among students by the teachers; to analyze the availability of instructional facilities and to explore the challenges faced by the teachers in developing higher order thinking skills among students at higher education level. The theoretical framework of the study was based on the model of Bloom’s revised taxonomy and higher order thinking skills by Mishra & Kotecha (2016). The model based on six dimensions named as remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating and creating. The research approach was qualitative with case study research design. The population of the study was based on faculty members of the three different departments of the National university of Modern Languages, Islamabad. Convenient sampling was used as the sampling technique. Data was collected by open ended questionnaire. Data was analyzed by categories and sub-categories after that researchers established codes from the responses of the faculty members. The findings of the study revealed that higher order thinking skills are important because it help us to develop critical thinking skills and creativity. Teachers faced many challenges during the class like lack of time, cooperation among students, diverse mental level, large number of students and lack of physical resources. These challenges can be tackled by motivation and suitable teaching method.

Identification and Modeling of Regulatory Networks and Development of Anti-Cancer Drug-Conjugated Nanoparticles for Breast Cancer Therapy

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortalities among females worldwide. It is genetically heterogeneous disease caused by various environmental and genetic factors. Abnormal expression of various genes/proteins such as chemokine C-X-C motif (receptor 4), insulin like growth factor-1 receptor and estrogen growth factor receptor and their associated biological regulatory networks are linked with breast cancer. In this study, the crosstalk interaction between these genes/proteins and their associated signaling networks involved in breast cancer metastasis were studied by using both in-silico (qualitative modeling, hybrid PetriNet modeling, pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening) and in-vitro approaches (genotyping, cell viability assay, quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting). The association of rs1801157 single nucleotide polymorphism, located within the C-X-C motif ligand 12 (CXCL12) gene, with the development of breast cancer was assessed. The results of genotyping showed the significant prevalence of genotype GG (p<0.05) with a number of variables including patient’s age, weight, lymph nodes status, hormonal imbalances (ER and PR) and family history using multivariable logistic regression among Pakistani breast cancer patients as compared to AA genotype. Our in-silico results suggested that rs1801157 single nucleotide polymorphism identified in CXCL12 gene has crosstalk link with insulin like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and is an important factor in predicting the outcomes of breast cancer therapy, which can also result in multidrug resistance due to induction of insulin like growth factor-1. Furthermore, to address the problem of multidrug resistance in breast cancer cells, an effective and non-toxic biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles (drug delivery vehicles) were conjugated with anti-cancer inhibitors such as fulvestrant and gefitinib to inhibit the activity of multiple genes and proteins such as estrogen growth factor receptor, C-X-C motif (ligand 12), phosphoinositide 3 kinase, insulin receptor substrate-1, insulin like growth factor-1 receptor, PDZ domain containing 1 and estrogen receptor-α to treat breast cancer cells. In conclusion, for a multifactorial disease like breast cancer, more than one therapeutic targets should be inhibited with an effective drug delivery vehicle to induce apoptosis in cancer cells.