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Home > Consociationalism and Multi-Ethnic States: Post-1971 Pakistan—A Case Study

Consociationalism and Multi-Ethnic States: Post-1971 Pakistan—A Case Study

Thesis Info

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Author

Mushtaq, Muhammad

Program

PhD

Institute

Bahauddin Zakariya University

City

Multan

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2012

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Political science

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2722/1/1232S.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724571407

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This study aims to enhance our understanding relating the utility of consociational democracy for multiethnic states, analyzing the Pakistani case. So, the central concern of this dissertation is whether or not consociationalism is a viable solution for the multiethnic society of Pakistan. To address this concern, three arguments have been presented in the thesis: First, the political mobilization and ethnic strife in Pakistan is not caused by non-consociational features of the federation but because of its relatively centralized settings. Second, consociationalism is not a realistic option for Pakistan to manage ethnic diversity. This conclusion is based on three observations: (a) with some exceptions, favorable conditions for the establishment and maintenance of consociational democracy are missing in the case of Pakistan, (b) the evaluation of Pakistani society illustrates that it is not a case of deeply divided society, (c) and the past experiences of power- sharing arrangements in Pakistan demonstrate the inaptness of these arrangements for this case. Conversely, the study explores the underlying relevancy of federalism with the Pakistani society. Third, the plurality of Pakistanis seems unconvinced by the consociational arguments. A majority of interviewees demonstrated more support for the decentralized federalism than the consociationalism. The irrelevancy of consociationalism with the Pakistani case seems to suggest that consociational democracy’s utility varies across case studies. Hence, it is not, necessarily, a viable solution for all multiethnic societies. In addition, the thesis argues that Pakistan needs a relatively more decentralized federal design to manage ethnic diversity.
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میں نے محبت کو دیکھا

میں نے محبت کو دیکھا

میں نے محبت کو دیکھا'

اس کی نیم وا آنکھوں کے

          پھیلے سمندروں میں'

میں نے محبت کو دیکھا'

بچھڑتے وقت اس کے لبوں کی کپکپاہٹ میں'

میں نے محبت کو دیکھا'

خزاں زدہ شاخ پہ اٹکے زرد پتوں میں'

میں نے محبت کو دیکھا '

اسکی آنکھوں سے چھنتی سورج کی کرنوں میں'

میں نے محبت کو دیکھا'

اسے میرے کپ سے چائے کا آخری    گھونٹ پینے میں'

 

میں نے محبت کو پھیکا پڑتے دیکھا'

پرانی البم کی مدھم ہوتی تصویروں میں'

تصویروں کی اکھڑتی پرتوں میں'

دیواروں پہ ٹنگی پرانی تصویروں کے

اچانک ٹوٹ گرنے میں۔

بالوں کو سنوارنے سے متعلق شرعی احکامات

Allāh Almighty has concentrated most of the physical beauty of the human beings in the upper part of the human body, i. E., the face and what surrounds the face. Here is displayed the important features of human beauty. Hair on head adds beauty to a person’s countenance. Especially, long, thick, silky & shiny hair is always preferred by females. But it required to be kept clean, tidy and properly combed. Unfortunately, often, it seems that the women, who wear “Ḥijāb”, do not bother to maintain their hair in a proper manner. Since, it is out of sight, so is out of mind, but, it does not mean that since if hair is not visible, they should neglect it. Sometimes, improper keeping of hair creates a lot of problems like lice, itching, dandruff, hair fall, etc. Therefore, cleanliness is the most important element for the health of hair and Islām also recommends the same. Most of the time, people adopt different methods and products for hairstyling, such as branded shampoo, extensions, transplantation of hair, dyeing, trimming of hair, etc. But, people need to know the Islamic ruling of beatification, so that they may not indulge in something, which is not allowed in the Islamic law. Therefore, the author of this paper, chose this topic to explore and hence, guide the people, especially, the women, the methods and types of products that are allowed for them to use and adopt, and the others ones that are forbidden or undesirable, according to Islamic law of beautification.

Investigations in to the Effects of Exogenous Corticosterone on Responses to Stress, Addiction and Cognition in Rat Models

Glucocorticoids, the major stress hormones play a regulatory role in responses to stress. Evidence suggests that smaller increase of glucocorticoids is adaptive and help to cope with the stress. On the other hand, higher increase of glucocorticoids impairs adaptation to stress. The present study was initially designed to understand the role of corticosterone, the principal glucocorticoids in rats; in stress responses. In view of a role of stress in the modulation of cognitive functions and facilitation of reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse, effects of corticosterone on learning and memory and reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse were also monitored. Important findings of the present study are as follow: 1. Corticosterone facilitates memory retention at doses of 10, 25 &50 mg/kg but impairs learning acquisition at 10mg/kg. Food intake is decreased at 25 & 50 mg/kg of corticosterone. Higher dose (50 mg/kg) increases locomotor activity that is associated with an increase in the concentration of dopamine in the striatum. 2. Exposure to daily 2hr immobilization stress decreases food intakes and growth rates but adaption occurs after 5 days. While administration of corticosterone (10 mg/kg) impairs this adaptation. Exposure to 2h Immobilization stress impairs acquisition and facilitates memory extinction but stress effects on learning and memory are attenuated in corticosterone treated animals. 3. Repeated administration of apomorphine produces sensitization in the motor behavior. Sensitization effects of apomorphine are attenuated in rats repeatedly injected with corticosterone. Although both apomorphine and corticosterone impair memory extinction but administration of corticosterone in apomorphine treated animals does not potentiate this effect. 4. Administration of ethanol impairs learning acquisition and retention of memory. Administration of corticosterone (50mg/kg; daily for 1 week) produces impairment of memory reconsolidation in ethanol treated rats. At this dose, corticosterone also potentiates ethanol intake. It is suggested that glucocorticoids can cause memory impairments in alcoholics. We conclude that corticosterone improves cognitive functions and attenuates stressinduced memory impairments. Moreover, the administration of corticosterone can potentiate the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse and memory impairments in abusers. Findings suggest an important role of glucocorticoids in cognition, addiction and adaptation to stress.