سلطان کھاروی تے باراں ماہ
رتاں کسے وی علاقے دی رہتل اتے ڈونگھا اثر پوندیاں نیں۔ حیاتی دے پھیر نال رتاں دا پھیر اے۔ بال پن وچ رتاں دا رنگ ہور ہوندا اے تے جوانی وچ رت ہور طراں مانی جاندی اے۔ جد کہ بڈھے وارے ایہو رتاں لنگھ گئیاں رتاں دا ہوکا بن کے جاندیاں نیں۔ غلام یعقوب انورایس صنف بارے لکھدے نیں۔
’’اجیہی نظم جیہدے وچ سال دیاں باراں مہینیاں نوں چت رکھ کے شعر کہے جاون‘‘(۱)
عبدالغفور قریشی لکھدے نیں :
’’ہندی شاعری دا پرانا روپ اے۔ ہندی دے شاعر اک سال نوں چھ رتاں وچ ونڈدے نیں۔ ایہناں رتاں وچ برہا دی ماری روح دا بیان ہوندا اے۔ جیہڑے اک رت توں دوجی رت وچ نویں وادھے تے ڈاڈھے دکھاں بھریا ہوندا اے۔ ہندی وچ اجیہی شاعری نوں کھٹ رت بیان آکھیا گیا اے۔ سنسکرت وچ کالی داس دی رتو سنہار اپ بھرنش وچ عبدالرحمان ملتانی دی سندیش راسک رت بیان دے بڑے سوہنے نمونے نیں۔ ہندی وچ ملک محمد جائیسی نے ایس نوں اپنایا۔ انگریزی وچ باراں ماہے دی طرز دا اک نمونہ سپینسر (1550-1599) شاعر نے 1576 وچ شیفرڈ کیلنڈر لکھیااے جیہدے وچ ہر مہینے دی کیفیت نوں بیان کیتا گیا اے‘‘(۲)
پنجابی لوک گیتاں تے باراں ماہ دا سانگا ڈھیر پرانا اے۔ ایہہ باقاعدہ کدوں توں لکھیا جان لگیا اے ایس بارے سیانیاں گویڑ لائے نیں۔ سیانیاں نے کیوں جے لکھتی روپ ناں ہوون پاروں دعویٰ نہیں کیتا جاسکدا۔ باراں ماہ دا جیہڑا مواد موجود اے اوس توں ایہہ گویڑ لایا گیا اے۔
’’پنجاب وچ باراں ماہ دی پرنپرا کافی پرانی اے۔ گیارھویں صدی دے مسعود سعد سلیمان لاہوری (1047-1122) دا فارسی باراں ماہ...
Ibn e Khaldun (1406 C.E.) has been an imminent scholar and well known for his work in the study of civilization. His vision regarding Civilization holds the significant place according to the philosophers of history. Arnold J. Toynbee (1975 C.E.) is one such prominent thinker who not only applauded the thoughts of Ibn e Khaldun but was influenced by Ibn e Khaldun’s views as it can be seen in Toynbee’s book: “A Study of History”. As a philosopher of history, he has much contribution in the field; He interlinks History with civilization. He presented a thoughtful book surrounding his civilizational vision; which explains the causes of world’s ups and downs. Although he presented a quality research about the division of the civilizations in the light of religion, many aspects of his work need to be reassessed. As per his understanding of world civilizations, he represents twenty-one civilizations, but with the passage of time, the number reduces and now only five are left in the contemporary epoch. According to him, religion has played significant role in the rise and fall of civilizations through their various stages. This research will highlight his thought about Islam through a comparison between Toynbee and Ibn e Khaldun’s Islamic civilizational thoughts. The study will also mention several problems in his approach to the Islamic Civilization. Furthermore, along with due importance of both scholars in the subject of history, their authoritative status will be stated. This research aims to discuss some misconceptions of the West that are based on Toynbee's understating of Islamic civilization and history. And, consequently, it intends to improve relations between people of the west and east.
Pyrolysis technology is most commonly employed to convert widely available biomass into useful biofuel products to meet energy needs and obtain chemical feedstocks. In the present study, pyrolysis of paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) was carried out with the aim to study the product distribution and their chemical compositions. The optimum process conditions for maximizing the pyrolytic yield were also determined. Experiments were performed in a well-swept resistively heated fixed-bed reactor to examine the effect of temperature and particle size on pyrolysis yields. Different ranges of temperature 350 °C, 450 °C, 550 °C and particle sizes 1 mm, 2 mm and 3 mm were used and their effect was evaluated on pyrolysis of Broussonetia papyrifera. The pyrolysis products were collected within three different groups as non-condensable gases products, condensable liquids and solid biochar. The result showed that the highest biochar product was attained at 350 oC and 3 mm particle size while the highest bio-oil yield was obtained at 450 oC and 2 mm particle size. On the other hand, the optimum temperature and particle size for gas yield was 550 oC and 1 mm. The bio-char with highest fixed carbon content (61%) and calorific value (26.5 MJ/Kg) was observed at 550 °C and 3mm. Nutrient elements like Mg, Al, Cu, Zn, Ca and K were found in high concentrations. The GC-Ms analysis of bio-oil showed that it was rich in alkanes, alcohols, ketones and cycloalkanes. The bio-oil was acidic (pH ranging 3.4-3.9) at all temperatures and particle sizes. The heating value of bio-oil was maximum at 3 mm and 550 °C (25 MJ/Kg). The gas product was mainly composed of CO2, CO, CH4 and hydrocarbons. The results of the present study showed that the pyrolysis of Broussonetia papyrifera produce carbon rich, high energy and relatively pollution-free potential solid biofuels and bio-oil.