جمال عبدالناصر
جمال عبدالناصر کی موت دنیائے عرب کا بہت بڑا حادثہ ہے، مدتوں کے بعد عربوں میں اتنا بڑا لیڈر پیدا ہوا تھا، ان کی پوری زندگی قوم و وطن کی راہ میں ایک جہد مسلسل تھی، اس راہ میں جان تک دے دی، انھوں نے عربوں میں آزادی کی روح پھونکی، مصر کی شخصی بادشاہت سے نجات دلائی، سامراجی طاقتوں سے ٹکرلی، برطانوی اثر و اقتدار سے سرزمین مصر کو آزاد کرایا، نہر سویز کے قومیا نے کے انتقام میں فرانس، برطانیہ اور اسرائیل کے متحدہ حملہ کو ذلت آمیز شکست دی، اسوان بند تعمیر کرایا، ان کے علاوہ اور بہت سے تعمیری کام کئے، ان کارناموں نے ان کو دنیا کے بڑے لیڈروں کی صف میں کھڑا کردیا تھا، وہ اپنی قوم میں اس قدر مقبول و محبوب تھے کہ اگر ان کی جگہ کوئی دوسرا لیڈر ہوتا تو ۶۷ء کو شکست کے بعد اس کا زوال یقین تھا، لیکن اس کے بعد بھی ان کی مقبولیت میں فرق نہ آیا، ان سے بعض سیاسی اور مذہبی غلطیاں بھی ہوئیں، جن سے عرب اتحاد اور خود ان کے ملک اور ان کی شہرت کو نقصان پہنچا لیکن ان کی مذہبی غلطیاں مذہب کی مخالفت یا اس سے آزادی کے بجائے اس دور کی لادینی سیاست کا نتیجہ تھیں جس سے کوئی اسلامی ملک بھی محفوظ نہیں، خصوصاً جن کی سیاست میں غیرمسلم بھی دخیل ہیں، مگر ان غلطیوں کے مقابلہ میں ان کے کارنامے زیادہ ہیں، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کے اچھے اعمال کے طفیل میں ان کی مغفرت اور ان کی لغزشوں سے درگزر فرمائے، ان کی زیر تعمیر مسجد میں ان کی تدفین بھی ان کے حسن خاتمہ کے لئے فال نیک ہے، ان کی موت سے عرب دنیا ایک ایسے لیڈر سے محروم ہوگئی، جس کی تلافی مدتوں نہ ہوسکے گی۔
اس...
Travelogue is a firm of literature which describes nation and people according to their history, civilization, politics, economics, and culture and presents cities and culture by showing the ideologies and manners/moralities, economics and society in the time when there were no transportation and the travelogues were the only source to get information. Because travelogue consists of the details about history and society, thus it has a tremendous amount of information and by offering characteristics of places and personalities. Moreover, travelogue describe personalities and events in the context of society and culture which provides a rich material to geologists, historicists as well as to the scholars of society ( sociologists) and students of literature and others.
This study comprises Ph.D. work entitled: “Isolation and Analytical Characterization of Phytochemicals from Some Selected Indigenous Medicinal Plants”. In this regard, five plants species namely Abies pindrow, Salvadora oleiodes, Aerva javanica, Alhagi maurorum (Alhagi camelorum) and Calligonum polygonoides were selected. The work described in this thesis comprises of extraction, isolation and identification of phytochemicals constituents using chromatographic, spectroscopic and x-rays crystallographic techniques. In all, 106 compounds were identified from these selected plant species. From Abies pindrow leaves, maltol (3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one) (1) was isolated, which is neutral, heterocyclic aroma compound; widely known as food additive, antioxidant and metal ions chelator. In another study, eleven fatty acids including eight saturated and three unsaturated fatty acids ranging from C14 to C24 and eleven hydrocarbons including nine saturated two unsaturated ranging from C17 to C24 were identified from the leaves of Abies pindrow. Chemical compositions of the essential oil of Salvadora oleiodes revealed the total 35 (94.0%) and 25 (91.1%) chemical constituents in oil of leaves and stem, respectively. The major chemical constituent of the leaves and stem oil was 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol. Chemical compositions of the essential oil of Aerva javanica revealed the total 16 (82.96%), 16 (78.92%) chemical constituents in oil of leaves and stem, respectively. The major chemical constituents of the leaves and stem oil were hentriacontane (21.48%) and nonacosane (23.26%), respectively. Aerva javanica seed essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) and dry steam distillation (SD) extracting methods. Total 20 (90.5%) and 18 (95.6%) chemical constituents were identified, using HD and SD, respectively. The major constituent identified from seed essential oil was heptacosane. Chemical compositions of the essential oil of Alhagi maurorum revealed the, total 16 (56.8%) and 21 (76.7%) chemical constituents in oil of leaves and stem respectively. Preliminary phytochemicals screening revealed that alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, phenols, carbohydrates, proteins and terpenoids are present in the roots, stems, buds, flowers and seeds of Calligonum polygonoides, whereas amino acids, cardiac glycoside and phlobatannins are absent. Chemical compositions of the essential oil of C. polygonoides revealed the, total 23 (97.3%), 25 (92.2%), 27 (68.42%), and 10 (82.12%) chemical constituents in oil of fruit, stem, buds and root respectively. The major chemical constituents of the fruit, stem, buds and root oil were (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid (40.7%), hexadecanoic acid (42.9%), homovanillate (11.79%) and drimenol (29.42%), respectively. From C. polygonoides campesterol (102), stigmasterol (103), (3β,5α,24S)- stigmastan-3-ol (104), stigmast-4-en-3-one (105) and methandriol (106) were isolated. Extraction, isolation and identification of compounds were carried out by using latest sophisticated instrumental techniques. The chromatographic techniques were used to separate these compounds and the identities of these compounds were checked by physical and chemical methods. Finally the structures were elucidated by different spectroscopic methods including FTIR, UV, EIMS, 1H and 13 CNMR. The structures of these compounds were also further confirmed through x-ray crystallographic analysis.