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Home > Assessment and Evaluation of Adverse Impacts of Climatic Changes on Fresh Water Ecosystem and Fish Production in Kalpani Stream in Nwfp

Assessment and Evaluation of Adverse Impacts of Climatic Changes on Fresh Water Ecosystem and Fish Production in Kalpani Stream in Nwfp

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Khan, Khalid

Program

PhD

Institute

Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University

City

Rawalpindi

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2011

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Zoology

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/1576

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725534337

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Climate change is a reality. It is impacting life and support systems on earth. It is a formidable challenge faced by human beings in recent times and is impacting holistically ecological processes in lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and cryosphere. Hydrosphere, in particular the freshwater ecosystem has relatively been impacted more. Kalpani ecosystem being an urban stream and life line of Mardan and Nowshera districts has been rendering invaluable ecological services. It has been subjected to every sort of use and abuse and so profoundly exhibits the impacts of climatic changes. The impact, of climatic changes primarily variation in temperature and precipitation influencing the water discharge, on PCFs and fish fauna was investigated in detail from February 2007 to November 2008. To assess and evaluate the impact of climatic changes Kalpani stream was divided into 10 zones. Standard materials and methods were adapted for fish sampling, water sampling and data analysis. Sampling resulted in collection of 31 fish species belonging to 9 families. The fish species caught were grouped as per the research design into: Cyprinid - Crossocheilus latius, Tor putitora, Baralius modestus, Baralius vagra, Baralius pakistanicus, Puntius chola, Puntius Ticto, Puntius sophore, Puntius terio, Puntius vittatus, Salmostoma bacaila, Garra gotyla, Labeo dyocheilus, Labeo dero, Aspidoparia morar, Danio devario, Chela laubuca, Carassius auratus; and, Non Cyprinid - Triplophysa naziri, Schistura microlabra, Acanthocobitis Heteropneustes fossilis, botia, Mystus Oreochromis bleekeri, mossambicus, Mystus cavasius, Channa punctata, Glyptothorax naziri, Glyptothorax punjabensis, Ompok pabda, and Mastacembelus xxiarmatus. Water sampling for 21 pxxiiysicochemical factors (PCFs) was carried out. To establish relationship between fish species and PCFs data was subjected to statistical analysis using Minitab 14 and CANOCO 4.5 computer software. To draw future scenario of water discharge data was extrapolated to generate scenario of 2025 using cftool of matlab computer software. Under the winter scenario most number of Cyprinid fish (39.18%) were caught in zone 10, followed by zone 9 (24.75%) with less number of fish caught (0.68%) in zone 3 and 5, while under summer scenario most numer of Cyprinid fish were caught (32.03%) in zone 10 followed by zone 9 (13.94%). Under winter scenario most number of non Cyprinid caught were caught in zone (35%), followed by zone 9 (23.75%), no fish was caught in zones 4, 5 and 6, while under summer scenario most numner of non Cyprinid fish caught were from zone 10 (32.21) followed by zone 9 (20.52) while in zones 3 and 4 less number of fish (1.04 in each) were caught. The results reveal that fish biodiversity and catch increases from north to south with maximum found in Risalpur and Nowshera zones alluding to optimum environmental conditions. Tor putitora a fish of high commercial value was found in all the zones, any improvement either at species level or population level of Tor putitora would be an indication of improvement in the environmental conditions of Kalpani. The results suggested that parameters like temperature, DO, altitude, turbidity and TSS have direct impact on the assemblages‘, composition, abundance and distribution of fish species. The regression analysis of intrarelationship suggested that Temperature, DO, altitude, total hardness, sulphates, conductivity, Fe and Ni, and Zn; Turbidity, conductivity xxiiand TSS had strong intrarelationship and significantly reduc lethality of pH. The degraded surface water values are close to threshold values of WHO and NEQS for Pakistan. In comparison to the study conducted by IUCN, (1994) the stream has deteriorated to a very high degree; results of heavy metals results were devastating. DO showed improvement in its status plausible reason for which could be the flash floods occurring since mid 1990s. The species environment relationship had been explained through Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The first two axis of the CCA ordination i.e. CC1 and CC2 explains the species-environment relationship clearly and accounts for 77.9% of the variation in the weighted average of 19 Cyprinid fish species with respect to summer environmental variables and 80.37% for Non Cyprinid. The first two axis of the CCA ordination i.e. CC1 and CC2 explains species-environment relationship clearly and accounts for 77% of variation in the weighted average of 19 Cyprinid fish species with respect to environmental variables and 76.6% for Non Cyprinid under winter scieario for example. The water discharege projections suggest that in 2025 Kalpani freshwater ecosystem would experience increase in the duration of very low flows due to variation in precipitation in view of increase in global warming, the fish fauna would be facing local extinction e.g., the endemic fish species with weak tolerance range in response to certain environmental factors. The overall fish production may not drop appreciably but the diversity would be low. To verify the results of future water discharge scenario met data from three meteorological stations having influence on the Kalpani stream analyzed was found consistent with the findings of the water discharge data (both current and projected). If the current trends of both meteorology and water discharge hold true then the future xxiiiscenario will be one of low flows as has been projected. Non-climatic changes like sand mining and gravel extraction operations were observed to be highly unsustainable and will have serious affect on the groundwater recharge quality of Kalpani stream and result in loss of precious habitat. Zones like Gujar Garhi, Baghdada, Hoti and Chowki Nisar are already heavily degraded, under the sand mining and gravel extraction besides pollution. Declared on the basis of scientific evidence as the 2 nd most dirty tributary of Kabul River system in 1992-93 the stream is dirtier than ever and the day is not far away when it will ecologically die under increasing natural and anthropogenic stressors unless drastic measures at the government and societal level are taken. Declared as ―biological assets freshwater ecosystems are both disproportionately rich and disproportionately imperiled‖, and on the basis of data generated and collected for the study Kalpani stream fully vindicates the statement. It can be stated with high degree of confidence that Kalpani stream is imperiled and is dying. The impacts described are based on projected GHGs that will double by the end of this century and an improvement in the situation keeping in view the track record of the parties to the Kyoto protocol seem highly unlikely. Thus, it is incumbent upon KPK to focus on adaptation strategies to protect and conserve freshwater resources based on carefully conducted targeting research program. This puts to the front that more research focused on the freshwaters is needed to enable the policy level and decisions makers to take appropriate measures to save their biological assets for future generations.
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مڈھلی گل

کامرس دا طالب علم ہوون دے باوجود ساہت، قدرتی منظر تے سہپن وچ میری دل چسپی بال پن توں ای سی۔ایہو کارن اے کہ میں باقاعدہ لکھنے توں پہلے سارا پاکستان خاص کر شمالی علاقہ جات دی یاترا تِن سو تو ں وی ودھ وار کیتی۔ بہت سارے لکھاری تے کویاں نال سنگت وی رہی تے جدوں پہلا لیکھ اخبار وچ چھپیا تاں متراں ولوں ملی ہلا شیری کان ساہت وچ دلچسپی ڈونگھی ہوندی گئی۔ پنجابی ساہت دیاں لکھتاں پڑھ تے اوہناں دے لکھاریاں نوں مل کے خوشی محسوس کردا ساں۔ارشاد ڈیروی نال وی میرا سمبھندھ ساہت پاروں ہویا۔ پہلی ملاقات دا قائم ہویا تاثر اج تائیں برقرار اے۔ اوہ اک درویش صفت منکھ نیں۔ سب نال پیار کرن والے تے یاراں دے یار، اُچ کوٹی کوی، پارکھ تے کھوج کارنیں۔ اوہناں دے سریر وچ اک بھڑکائو روح دا واس ہے جو اوہناں نوںٹک کے بہن نہیں دیندی۔ ہر ویلے کسے نہ کسے کم وچ رجھے رہندے نیں۔

میں اپنے کول موجود آپ دیاں لکھتاںنوںگوہ نال پڑھیا تے پڑھن توں بعد اوہناں دی شخصیت تے فن دی جو مورت من اندر ابھری میں انتہائی ایمان داری نال اکھراں دی لڑیاں وچ پرو کے تہاڈے ساہمنے رکھ دتا اے۔ میں کتھوں تائیں اپنے سرنانویں نال انصاف کر سکیاں ہاں، ایہہ گل تساں مینوں دسنی اے۔ تہاڈے وچاراں دا اڈیکن ہار۔

                                                                                                                ڈاکٹر محمد ایوب

                                                                                                                فیصل آباد

Performance of Banking Industry After Privatization in Pakistan: A Case Study of Mcb Bank Limited

This research work aims to investigate the impact of privatization on the performing efficiency of MCB Bank Limited Privatization and the phenomenon of denationalization after the failure of socialism and communism globally. As the direction of enteritis was predetermined by state which in long term affected the performance of state-owned entities on many fronts even they reached at the verge of collapse and state was compelled to inject capital for their survival. Ultimately the state took drastic steps and initiated the process of denationalization and privatization to keep the industry intact in the changed scenario. In 1974, during Z.A. Bhutto regime Pakistan’s banking industry was nationalized with prime objective to address the issues of backward segments of economy but unfortunately after privatization industry was used for political motives and witnessed poor performance and financial indiscipline due to frequent interference in the affairs of banks particularly in lending activities and hiring of inefficient human resources. Resultantly banks failed to deliver as per expectation of masses and could not deliver quality customer services on one hand and accumulation of infected portfolio on the other which in turn swallowed the profitability and the capital of banks. It is revealed that bank has tremendously performed in all Key Performing Indicators, it has improved its profitability manifold, deposit base is significantly enhanced and became more liquid and solvent.

Quality Carrot Seed Production Through Management of Umbel Order by Application of Synthetic and Microbial Auxin in Combination With Potash

Quality seed is the reason for better harvest stand foundation and high creation. Daucus carota kernel excellence is influenced by inflorescence location and supplement accessibility. Other than a few different variables, umbel request, whenever oversaw and retained small, can deliver extraordinary return of worthy superiority kernel. For the most part, from essential and optional umbels seed is of great caliber. Though, kernels as of third order umbels is of low value. Concealment of third order umbels can move the supply of photosynthates to essential and auxiliary umbels, and can more progress their superiority. Auxins assume job in apics predominance and hence can be tried to stifle number of third umbel. A few auxins delivering bacterial strains (PGPBs) can likewise be assessed for concealment of tertiary umbels. Additionally, potash has been accounted for to improve seed quality however have not been tried in carrot seed generation. This examination was directed on cultivar T-29 to analyze the impacts of engineered and microbial auxin on change of umbel request in carrot seed generation. Impact of potash on seed yield and quality was likewise surveyed. The examination was directed at Vegetable Farm and Vegetable Seed Lab, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Three examinations were arranged. In first test, foliar splash of plant development controllers (Indole acidic corrosive and Naphthalene acidic corrosive) at various focuses (0, 100, 200 and 300 ppm) was done at various interims. Huge contrasts were seen among various convergences of plant development controllers for development, carrot seed yield and quality. All development related characteristics were improved by use of IAA or NAA at 200 and 300 ppm. IAA at 100 or NAA at 200 ppm altogether upgraded number of optional umbels by stifling the tertiary umbels. Yield of essential, optional and tertiary umbel seeds, 1000-mass seed of essential, auxiliary and third order umbel and seed quality properties, i.e., germination, force list, germination list, enzymatic action for example Superoxide dismutase, Peroxidase, Catalase, all out cancer prevention agents and complete phenolic substance were expanded by use of IAA or NAA at 200 ppm. IAA or NAA at 200 ppm was discovered the best to limit the conductivity of seed leachates and malondialdehyde substance in seedlings raised from seeds of essential, auxiliary and tertiary umbels. It was presumed that foliar utilization of IAA or NAA at 200 ppm can be utilized to successfully alter umbel request and thus to build seed quality. Second analysis was directed to investigate the capability of different bacterial strains (PsJN, FD17, FF34 and KS54) in modification of inflorescence request for superiority of seed carrot generation. Critical contrasts were seen for estimated development records, yield and seed quality properties among plant development advancing bacteriological straining connected alone and with L-TRP. It was seen that FD17+L-TRP and FF34+L-TRP viably limited the quantity of tertiary umbels. PsJN+L-TRP played out the best for seed yield, 1000-seed weight, germination rate, power list, germination file, action of Turf, Case and Feline, greatest complete phenolic substance, and all out cell reinforcements of seeds from essential, optional and tertiary umbel request. Electrical conductivity of seed leachates and malondialdehyde substance in seedlings raised from seeds of essential, auxiliary and tertiary umbels were diminished by PsJN +L-TRP. Besides, carrot seed yield and quality can likewise be upgraded by adjusting the umbel request through foliar use of bacterial strains alone or with L-TRP. Third test was directed to assess the best portion of potash, utilizing seven intensities (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120kilogram per ha), for high return and nature of carrot seed. All development, seed yield and quality related characteristics were improved by potash application up to 80 or 100 kilogram per ha sulfate of potassh (SOP), however further increment in potash did not result in critical upgrade of different properties. Carrot seed makers may utilize chose PGPB (PsJN, FF34, FD17) or PGRs (IAA or NAA at 200 ppm), according to accessibility, to smother tertiary umbels and increment seed yield and quality, in blend with potash (at 80 or 100 kilogram per ha).