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Home > Determination of Nitrate and Nitrite Content in Livestock Fodders and Blood its Deleterious Effect and Antidotal Studies in Rabbits

Determination of Nitrate and Nitrite Content in Livestock Fodders and Blood its Deleterious Effect and Antidotal Studies in Rabbits

Thesis Info

Access Option

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Author

Rashid, Ghazunfar

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Clinical Medicine

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10080/1/Ghazunfar%20Rashid_Clinical%20Medicine_2018_UVAS.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725845344

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In the present study nitrate contents in fodder crops, viz., Sorghum bicolor (Jowar), Pennisetum glaucum (Bajra), Zea mays (Makai), Avena sativa (Jai), Brassica rapa (Shaljam) and Brassica Campestris (Sarson) were estimated twice a day i-e early morning and afternoon. The fodders were collected from different villages of Okara, Pattoki and Ravi areas of the Province Punjab. Nitrate contents of different parts of the fodder plants were estimated qualitatively through Diphenylamine Filed Test (DFT) and quantitatively by spectrophotometry while the antidotal efficacy of aqueous garlic extract, methylene blue and Velenium (Vitamin E+ Sodium selenite) was compared against experimental nitrate intoxication in rabbits. Forty-two, albino rabbits of identical age, gender and body weight were randomly divided into 7 groups (A to G) and subjected to experimental treatments for a period of 40 days. The efficacy of antidotes was assessed on the basis of changes in blood nitrite level, biochemical profile and histopathological changes manifested by the treated rabbits. The nitrate level was highest in Jowar, followed by Jai, Shaljam, Makai, Bajra and Sarson. The concentrations were lower in afternoon in the leaves and in mature crops as compared to stem parts, immature plants, and in samples collected from plants during morning hours. The nitrate concentration was lower in samples collected from Ravi area, as compared to samples collected from villages of Pattoki and Okara. The combination of methylene blue and garlic extract was highly effective against nitrate toxicity followed by methylene blue, garlic extract and velenium, respectively. In conclusion, aqueous garlic extract can be effectively used either alone or in combination with methylene blue against nitrate toxicosis.
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ن۔م۔راشدؔ

تعارف:
اردو کے یہ منفرد روایت شکن، ترقی پسند شاعر یکم اگست 1910ء میں علی پور چٹھہ، ضلع گوجرانوالہ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ ان کا اصل نام راجا نذر محمد تھا۔ اور تاریخی نام " خضر" تھا۔ آج اردو ادب کی جدید تاریخ ن م راشد کے ذکر کے بغیرنا مکمل ہے۔ وہ جدید شاعری میں آزاد نظم کے بانی، علامت نگاری کی تحریک، نفی دانش کے اولین مشعل بردار ہیں۔
پہلا مجموعہ کلام:
اردو شاعری کو روایتی تنگنائے سے نکال کر بین الاقوامی دھارے میں شامل کرنے کا سہرا ن م راشد اور میرا جی کے سر جاتا ہے۔ 1942ء میں ن م راشد کا پہلا مجموعہ ’ماورا‘ شائع ہوا جو نہ صرف اردو آزاد نظم کا پہلا مجموعہ ہے بلکہ یہ جدید شاعری کی پہلی کتاب بھی ہے۔ ماورا سے اردو شاعری میں انقلاب بپا ہو گیا،اور یہ انقلاب صرف صنفِ سخن یعنی آزاد نظم کی حد تک نہیں تھا، کیوں کہ تصدق حسین خالد پہلے ہی آزاد نظمیں لکھ چکے تھے، لیکن راشد نے اسلوب، موضوعات اور پیش کش کی سطح پر بھی اجتہاد کیا۔
فیض اور راشد:
ن م راشد کا تقابل اکثر فیض احمد فیض کے ساتھ کیا جاتا ہے، لیکن صاف ظاہر ہے کہ نہ صرف فیض کے موضوعات محدود ہیں بلکہ ان کی فکر کا دائرہ بھی راشد کے مقابلے پر تنگ ہے۔ ساقی فاروقی بیان کرتے ہیں :
" فیض نے خود اعتراف کیا تھا کہ وہ راشد کی طرح نظمیں نہیں لکھ سکتے کیوں کہ راشد کا ذہن ان سے کہیں بڑا ہے۔"
فیض اور راشد میں ایک قدرِ مشترک یہ بھی ہے کہ دونوں ترقی پسند شاعروں کے مجموعے دوسری جنگِ عظیم سے پہلے شائع ہوگئے تھے۔ راشد کی ماورا 1940ء اور فیض کی نقشِ فریادی 1941ء میں۔ ماورا نہ صرف اردو آزاد نظم بلکہ جدید اردو...

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