ڈاکٹر ابن فرید
۸؍ مئی ۲۰۰۳ء گواردو کے ممتاز ادیب و نقاد اور اچھے افسانہ و ناول نگار ڈاکٹر ابن فرید کا انتقال ہوگیا۔ اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔
ڈاکٹر ابن فرید کا اصل نام محمود مصطفےٰ صدیقی تھا، وہ ضلع بارہ بنکی میں سترکھ کے قریب کے ایک گاؤں ظفر پور میں ۲۸؍ اکتوبر ۱۹۲۵ء کو پیدا ہوئے تھے لیکن ان کی زندگی کا زیادہ حصہ علی گڑھ میں گزرا، آخر میں رام پور میں متوطن ہوگئے تھے، بیمار ہونے پر علی گڑھ میڈیکل کالج میں داخل کیے گئے، یہیں پیامِ اجل آگیا، وہاں سے ان کا جسدخاکی ان کے وطن ظفرپور لایا گیا، ۹؍ مئی کو نماز فجر کے بعد اپنے آبائی قبرستان میں سپرد خاک کردیے گئے۔
ان کے گھر کے حالات بہتر نہیں تھے، ہائی اسکول کرنے کے بعد تعلیم چھوڑ کر رائل انڈین ایر فورس میں ملازمت کرلی، یہ سلسلہ ۱۹۴۴ء سے ۱۹۴۷ء تک جاری رہا، یافت کے لحاظ سے ملازمت اچھی تھی مگر ان کو پسند نہیں تھی، وہ اپنی تعلیم جاری رکھنا چاہتے تھے، ٹیوشن سے کام چلاتے، تعلیم کا شوق انہیں علی گڑھ لے گیا، نفسیات میں داخلہ لیا، اس میں، انگریزی اور عمرانیات میں ایم۔ اے کیا، ۱۹۷۶ء میں پی۔ایچ۔ڈی کی ڈگری لی۔
علمی ذوق کی وجہ سے معلمی کے پیشے سے وابستہ ہوئے، مرکزی درس گاہ اسلامی رام پور سے تدریس کا آغاز کیا، پھر علی گڑھ مسلم یونیورسٹی کے شعبہ تعلیمات و عمرانیات میں لکچرر ہوئے، ملک عبدالعزیز یونیورسٹی جدہ میں بھی درس و تدریس کی خدمت پر مامور رہے، ریٹائر ہونے کے بعد سکوتو یونیورسٹی نائجیریا اور بین الاقوامی یونیورسٹی ملیشیا نے ان کی خدمات حاصل کرنی چاہی مگر اپنی اور اہلیہ کی صحت کی خرابی کی وجہ سے معذرت کردی۔
مرحوم کا تعلق جماعت اسلامی ہند سے تھا، اس تحریک سے وابستگی کی وجہ سے ان...
The traditional fiscal decentralization theorem claims that decentralized government can provide the goods and services at local level more efficiently. However, empirically it is still to explore that how fiscal decentralization affects gender parity. This study empirically investigates the impact of fiscal decentralization on gender parity in developing economies of Asia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz, Mongolia, Myanmar, Thailand and Turkey. The study used dynamic penal da ta technique namely system GMM over the period of 2006-2020. The multidimensionality of fiscal decentralization is captured through three measures of fiscal decentralization i.e. Expenditure decentralization, revenue decentralization and composite decentralization. Further, it also examines the complementarity between fiscal decentralization and control of corruption to increase the gender parity. The results of the analysis show that expenditure decentralization is increasing the gender parity in developing economies of Asia. Additionally, control of corruption is a necessary reform to get the desired fruits of fiscal decentralization. Countries must focus on corruption aspect of local governments in implementing the expenditure, revenue and composite decentralization.
Cognitive information processing and selective attentional biases are often documented by using modified Emotional Stroop paradigm which plays an important role in the etiology and maintenance of child abuse (Larsen, Mercer & Balota, 2006). The present study was designed to explore the interplay of emotional behavioral problems, emotional intelligence and Stroop interference in abused children. The current dissertation was organized as follows: Study I dealt with translation and Validation of Buss and Perry Questionnaire (Buss & Perry, 1992) and Child Abuse Screening Tool (ISPCAN, 2013), validation of the Child Abuse Scale-Revised (Malik & Saeed, 2013), and modification of the emotional Stroop task and Study II encompassed the main study. The main study used quasi experimental design followed by mixed factorial model with groups as between subject and Stroop conditions within subject factor. Purposive sampling technique was employed to draw the sample of 100 (50 boys and 50 girls) abused children with age of 9 to 14 years from Child Protection and Welfare Bureau and SAHIL. The 100 non-abused children (control) were drawn from three public schools of Lahore i.e Central Model High School, Muslim Model High School and Govt. Girls High School Ravi Road. The Modified Emotional Stroop Task (EST), Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire, Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; Achenbach & Rescorla, 2000) and Bar On Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i: yv; Bar On & Parker, 2000) were used as main measures of the study to determine the difference between cognitive interference, emotional behavioral problems and emotional intelligence between abused and non-abused group of children. It was hypothesized that the Stroop interference for sexual trauma related words will be more in sexually abused children than physically abused children and control group. Similarly, it was also hypothesized that emotional intelligence will mediate between level of child abuse and performance on Stroop task in children. These variables are significantly correlated with each other therefore, hierarchical Regression was conducted to see the EQ as a mediator between child abuse and performance on Stroop Task. The results revealed significant mediation and thus supported the hypotheses of the study. Furthermore, it was hypothesized abused children will show more emotional behavioral problems and high aggression and low score on emotional intelligence than non abused children. The results of factorial analyses of variance indicated the differences in the Stroop bias scores among abused children with delayed responses on emotional violent and sexual words. The results of MANOVA indicated gender and group differences on the four conditions of Stroop task, the girls showed more reaction time on emotional violent, emotional nonviolent and neutral words whereas, boys showed latencies on sexual words. Similarly, the physically abused boys were more aggressive than sexually abused boys and physically abused girls were more aggressive than sexually abused girls. It was evident from the results that sexually abused children have more behavioral problems than the physically abused but their emotional intelligence is better than the physically abused children. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the overall findings with special consideration to cultural perspective, the limitations of the research using this paradigm, the implications of the findings, and suggestions for future research.