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Regression Based Subdivision Schemes for Noisy Data

Thesis Info

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Author

Muhammad Asghar

Program

PhD

Institute

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

City

Bahawalpur

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Mathemaics

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/11493/1/Muhammad%20Asghar%20Mathematics%202019.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727075523

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ComputerAidedGeometricDesign(CAGD)isabranchofcomputationalmathematics. It deals with the mathematical description of shapes for use in different fields. Subdivision is a basic tool to describe smooth curves and surfaces in computer aided geometric design. Since, no single subdivision scheme can be adequate for every situation, so there is always a space to present new subdivision schemes. Initially, subdivision schemes were not suitable for noisy data. So the subdivision schemes based on statistical methods are needed for the refinement of noisy data with outliers. In this thesis, the generalized algorithms for univariate, bivariate stationary and non-stationary subdivision schemes for noisy data with outliers based on regression methods are presented. The comparison with existing subdivision schemes is also presented. The subdivision schemes based on probability distribution by using the relation between Logistic regression and probability distribution are introduced. The schemes generated by the probability distribution have very good properties comparative to the existing subdivision schemes. A new type of analysis of subdivision schemes is presented by using probability distribution theory. The analysis of the families of high arity parametric stationary and non-stationary subdivision schemes is also presented in this thesis. Lane-Riesenfeld algorithm is used in different variant for the generation of binary subdivision schemes. The generalized Lane-Riesenfeld algorithms for the generation of high arity parametric stationary and non-stationary subdivision schemes are also presented.
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ماتم

کرنا ہو کسی زن کو جب کسی غم کا ماتم
چوڑی اپنے ہاتھ کی وہ توڑ دیتی ہے
سجنا چھوڑ دیتی ہے سنورنا چھوڑ دیتی ہے

پر لاحق ہو کسی مرد کو جب کوئی غم
تو کیسے کرے وہ اس کا ماتم

چوڑی آخر وہ نہ پہنے
غم میں جس کو توڑے وہ
نہ مثلِ عورت وہ بھی سنورے

ماتم میں جس کو چھوڑے وہ
کیا کرے پھر وہ بیچارا
کس کا لے آخر سہارا

ہاں اک بات آخر ہونے لگتی ہے
کہ داڑھی اُس کی وضع کھونے لگتی ہے
جبیں پہ غم سجا لیتا ہے وہ
اور بال اپنے بڑھا لیتا ہے وہ

آؤ دیکھو تو سہی میں نے
وہ سب چلن اپنا لیے ہیں
اور بال بھی اپنے بڑھا لیے ہیں

Kebijakan Pembelajaran Yang Merdeka: Dukungan Dan Kritik

Dunia pendidikan Indonesia sedang menjadi perbincangan hangat semua kalangan dengan dikeluarkannya program baru kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Nadiem Makarim tentang merdeka belajar. Empat program merdeka belajar meliputi Ujian Nasional, Ujian Sekolah Berbasis Nasional, Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran, sistim zonasi. Pada tahun 2020 UN akan dihapuskan dan digantikan dengan menerapkan kebijakan Asesmen Kompetensi Minimum dan Survei Karakter. Asesmen kompetensi mininum dan surveri karakter terdiri dari kemampuan bernalar menggunakan bahasa (literasi), kemampuan bernalar menggunakan matematika (numerasi), dan penguatan pendidikan karakter. Penyelenggaraan USBN (Ujian Sekolah Berbasis Nasional) tahun 2020 akan dilakukan dengan ujian yang diselenggarakan oleh sekolah. Ujian tersebut dilakukan untuk menilai kompetensi siswa dan dapat dilakukan dalam bentuk tes tertulis atau bentuk penilaian komprehensif seperti portofolio dan penugasan. Portofolio ini nantinya dapat dilakukan melalui tugas kelompok, karya tulis. Dalam pembuatan dan perencanaan RPP guru tidak dibebani lagi dengan banyak komponan seperti pada RPP kurikulum 2013 namun lebih disederhanakan meliputi 3 aspek saja yaitu tujuan pembelajaran, kegiatan pembelajaran dan asesmen. Tunjuannya agar mengurangi beban adminisrasi guru, keempat sistim zonasi perubahaan sistim zonasi yang di canangkan oleh kementrian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan yang baru untuk mengakomodasi ketimpangan akses dan kualitas di berbagai daerah. Maka komposisi PPDB jalur zonasi dapat menerima siswa minimal 50 persen, jalur afirmasi minimal 15 persen, dan jalur perpindahan maksimal 5 persen. Untuk jalur prestasi atau sisa 0-30 persen lainnya disesuaikan dengan kondisi daerah. Dengan demikian dengan diberlakukan sistim zonasi yang baru maka anak anak yang berprestasi bisa memilih sekolah yang mereka inginkan. Dengan digulirkannya kebijakan merdeka belajar maka hal ini juga harus di barengi dengan peningkatan kualitas SDM tenaga pendidik dan peningkatan kesejahteraan Guru dan memperhatikan nasib tenaga guru honorer. Merdeka belajar apakah akan mempu menjawab permasalahan pendidikan di Indonesia, itu masih membutuhkan pembuktian namun setidaknya dengan merdeka belajar guru maupun peserta didik telah medeka dalam mengajar dan menerima pembelajaran.

Formulation and In-Vitro In-Vivo Evaluation of Creams Containing Plants Extracts Having Skin Soothing and Depigmenting Effect

Plant extracts due to their antioxidant properties and lack of any toxicity or side effects to the human skin are becoming prevalent as ingredients in different cosmeceutical preparations because they can protect the skin from harmful ultraviolet radiations and the free radicals produced due to these radiations. Plant extracts are useful in treating different skin conditions and are effective for depigmenting and soothing effects as well as act as moisturizers when applied topically due to the different agents they contain. The current work aimed to prepare stable formulations that act as vehicle for the effective and safe delivery of active ingredients in the form of topical water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion; with comparable antioxidant properties, their in-vitro characterization and in-vivo study on human volunteers. Stable placebo formulation (F4) without active (plant extract) and stable formulations F1 (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis extract), F2 (Bombax ceiba extract) and F3 (Matricaria recutita extract) containing plant extracts were developed as creams of water-in-oil type. Antioxidant activities of plant extracts were determined by three different methods namely DPPH, reducing power activity (RPA) and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity while those of formulations containing plant extract were determined by DPPH (2, 2-di-phenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. Phenolic and flavonoid contents were also assessed in the extracts. In-vitro characterization was done to investigate the changes in the physical stability (color, liquefaction, phase separation, centrifugation, viscosity and rheological parameters) in active formulations (F1, F2 and F3) containing plant extract and placebo (F4) by storing them at different storage conditions, i.e. 8 ºC, 25 ºC, 40 ºC and 40 ºC + 75% RH for a span of 12 weeks. In-vivo characterization was done to measure the effects of active formulations (F1, F2 and F3) on various skin parameters like melanin, erythema, moisture contents, elasticity, sebum and surface evaluation of living skin (SELS parameters) on human volunteers by taking the reading at specific time intervals for a total of three months. For this purpose a single blinded, split face study was conducted by dividing the volunteers into three groups with 11 volunteers in each group. Statistical tools of two-way ANOVA and paired sample t-test were employed to assess the effects produced. Antioxidant activities of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Bombax ceiba and Matricaria recutita extracts were 78%, 90% and 87%, respectively by DPPH method. The fresh active formulations (F1, F2 and F3) containing these extracts showed 72%, 80% and 81% anti-oxidant activities, respectively while placebo formulation (F4) showed no activity. Active formulations containing plant extracts (4% each) as well as placebo F4 showed good stability and rheological characteristics for a total period of 12 weeks. Phytochemical analysis revealed that extracts are rich in phenolic and flavonoid contents. Active formulations F1, F2 and F3 exhibited significant changes in different skin parameters while placebo (F4) displayed an insignificant change in skin melanin (P=0.05), elasticity (P=0.05), and moisture contents (P=0.000) while an increase in sebum was observed. Active formulations depicted statistically significant (P=0.05) effects on surface evaluation of living skin parameters i.e., skin roughness (SEr), skin scaliness (SEsc), skin smoothness (SEsm) and skin wrinkles (SEw) while placebo formulation did not appear to affect SELS parameters significantly. On the basis of these findings, it is concluded that the formulations containing plant extracts were found safe and effective for the improvement of skin parameters. Keywords: plant extracts, W/O emulsion, rheology, stability, viscosity, melanin, erythema.