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Home > عہد وسطی کے مسلم حکمرانوں کی جنوبی ھند کی پالیسی : علاوٗالدین خلجی محمد تغلق اور اورنگزیب کے خصوصی حوالے سے

عہد وسطی کے مسلم حکمرانوں کی جنوبی ھند کی پالیسی : علاوٗالدین خلجی محمد تغلق اور اورنگزیب کے خصوصی حوالے سے

Thesis Info

Author

فائزہ ارم

Supervisor

نوین

Program

MA

Institute

University of Karachi

Institute Type

Public

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2000

Page

189

Subject

History

Language

Urdu

Keywords

تاریخ

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676728220915

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حلف الفضول

حلف الفضول
انسانی معاشرے کے معرض وجود میں آتے ہی مسائل جنم لیتے ہیں ۔ ایک ساتھ مل جل کر زندگی گزرانے کے دوران اختلافات اور تنازعات سر اٹھانے لگتے ہیں ظلم و نا انصافی ‘ رائے کا اختلاف ‘ حقوق و فرائض میں بے اعتدالی کا بازار گرم ہو جاتا ہے حتی کہ نوبت جنگ و جدل تک پہنچ جاتی ہے ۔ توہین آمیزی و بے ادبی ‘ عصمت دری اور مال و اسباب پر قبضہ جما لینا معمول بن جاتا ہے ۔ یہ چیزیں معاشرے کے امن و سکون کو تہہ و بالا کر دیتی ہیں‘ جس سے معاشرے کی ترقی کا پہیہ رک جاتا ہے ۔ معاشی اور معاشرتی نمو کا عمل تعطل کا شکار ہو جاتا ہے ۔ جزیرہ نمائے عرب میں کوئی باقاعدہ اور منظم حکومت نہیں تھی اس وقت عدالتیں بھی نا پید تھیں ،جہاں مظلوم اپنے حق کے حصول کے لیے ان کے دروازے پر دستک دے سکتا ۔ تمام عرب قبائلی نظام میں جکڑا ہو ا تھا ۔ قبیلے کا سردار ہی طاقت کا سر چشمہ ہوتا تھا اور اس کا حکم ماننا ازبس ضروری تھا ۔ قبائل خود ہی اپنے معاملات کو نمٹاتے تھے ۔ کوئی قبیلہ کسی دوسرے قبیلہ کے فرد کو قتل کر دیتا تو مقتول کا قبیلہ صرف اپنے فرد کے قاتل کو ذمہ دار نہیں ٹھہراتا تھا بلکہ قاتل کا پورا قبیلہ اس کے نشانے پر ہوتا تھا اور یہ انتقامی آگ کبھی سلگتی اور کبھی بھڑکتی رہتی تھی ۔ اس قبائلی نظام میں یہ خرابی بھی تھی کہ کمزور قبیلہ طاقت ور سے اپنا انتقام لینے سے قاصر تھا اور دل ہی دل میں کڑھتا رہتا تھا ۔ اس وجہ سے کئی قبائل کا متحدہ محاذ قائم تھا اس صورت میں اگر کسی کمزور قبیلہ پر وار ہوتا تو وہ اپنے متحدہ قبائل...

The Big Shift: Examining Practices, Challenges, and Coping Mechanisms of Teachers and Students in Transitioning to Modular Distance Learning

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic threat, the Department of Education (DepEd) established the Basic Education - Learning Continuity Plan (BE-LCP) to allow students to continue their education and teachers to conduct instruction in a safe working and learning environment. As a result, DepEd implemented the distance learning approach, including Modular Distance Learning (MDL), for the School Year 2020-2021. This paper investigated the practices, challenges, and coping mechanisms of teachers and students involved in the implementation of the MDL in Schools Division of Laoag City. This qualitative research utilized semi-structured interview guide to collect data from 20 teachers and 20 learners from elementary, junior high and senior high schools. Using the phenomenological study, data were analyzed and organized into themes. The study's major themes revealed that teachers and students began familiarizing themselves with the features of MDL but encountered challenges such as printing, distribution, and retrieval of modules, as well as monitoring of student progress on the part of the teacher and answering overloaded activities on the part of the students. They claimed, however, that they have unique coping mechanisms in dealing with the identified challenges by resolving issues independently and seeking help from family and colleagues. Finally, the Modular Distance Learning Adoption Framework (MDLAF) was developed and validated for teachers and students to effectively adopt MDL. The researchers recommended that relevant scaffolding such as capacity building, counseling and instructional support be provided to both teachers and students to effectively adopt different learning modalities such as MDL.

Integrated Effect of Chemical Adocument Deficienciesitives and Modified Atmosphere Packaging on Fresh-Cut Papaya Carica Papaya

Current study was conducted in two phases to estimate the effectiveness of different concentrations of calcium lactate, citric acid and ascorbic acid alone (Phase-1) and in integration of modified atmosphere packaging (Phase-II) on the quality and shelf life of fresh-cut papaya cubes. In 1st phase papaya cubes were treated with different concentrations of calcium lactate .citric acid, ascorbic acid at 4oC±2oC and analyzed for different physiochemical characteristics (firmness, color, weight loss, TSS, pH, acidity and organoleptic characteristics) at each four days interval to choose the most effective combination of various concentration. Whereas, in the 2nd phase, best performing concentrations of various additives in 1st phase packed in two different packagings (air packaging and MAP) and analyzed for various physiochemical characteristics (firmness, color, weight loss, pH, acidity, TSS, calcium, Poly phenol oxidase activity, ascorbic acid, total plate count and sensorial attributes) after each four days interval to find out the most effective treatment in extending the self-life of fresh-cut papaya cubes. As a result, in first phase, 2.4% calcium lactate combined with 1.7% citric acid and 2.4% calcium lactate combined with 1.7% ascorbic acid maintained firmness, delayed color degradation and maintained the other characteristics of papaya cubes for longer shelf life. However, in the second phase, 2.4% calcium lactate and 1.7% citric acid integrated with modified atmosphere packaging ( CO2 10%, O2 5%, N2 80%) exhibited the best results to delay color degradation and maintained sensory properties throughout the storage period (24 days) at 4 ±2oC