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نواب وقار الملک : جدیدیت پسند مفکر

Thesis Info

Author

شمائلہ افتخار رانا

Supervisor

نوین

Program

MA

Institute

University of Karachi

Institute Type

Public

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2015

Page

107

Subject

History

Language

Urdu

Keywords

تاریخ

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676728224542

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اصطلاحات سازی کے فروغ میں انجمن ترقیِ اردو پاکستان کا کردار

اصطلاحات سازی کے فروغ میں انجمن ترقیِ اردو پاکستان کا کردار

ڈاکٹر محفوظ احمد ثاقب

1857ء کی جنگِ آزادی نے جہاں برصغیر پاک وہند کی تاریخ میں ان مٹ اثرات مرتب کیے وہاں اردو زبان و اب پر بھی گہرے نقوش چھوڑے۔ 1857ء کی جنگِ آزادی کے سبب پیدا ہونے والی ابتری حالت، مایوسی اور ناامیدی کا ایک ہی حل تھا کہ ایک طرف تو انگریز سرکار سے مثبت تعلقات کشید کیے جائیں تو دوسری طرف جدید علوم و فنون پر مضبوط گرفت حاصل کی جائے۔ مذکورہ اغراض کے تحت  سرسید احمد خاں نے محمڈن ایجوکیشنل کانفرنس منعقدہ علی گڑھ کی بنیاد ڈالی۔  محمڈن ایجوکیشنل کانفرنس میں مذید توسیع کے لیے علی گڑھ میں 31 دسمبر 1902ء کو تیرھویں  سالانہ کانفرنس منعقد کی گئی ۔ یہ کانفرنس  مورخہ 31 دسمبر 1902 تا 4 جنوری 1903 جاری رہی۔اس کانفرنس میں متفقہ طور پر محمڈن ایجوکیشنل کانفرنس کے مذید تین شعبہ جات( سیکشن سوشل ریفارم، سیکشن امورِ متفرقات ، لٹریری سیکشن )کی منظوری دی گئی۔ ان تین نئے شعبہ جات میں سے لٹریری سیکشن کو  بعد میں انجمن ترقیِ اردو  ھند( دھلی) کے نام سے جانا جانے لگا۔ انجمن ترقی اردو کے قیام کے بارے میں مولانا شبلی نعمانی لکھتے ہیں کہ :

"انجمن 4 جنوری 1903 ء کو سالانہ محمڈن ایجوکیشنل کانفرنس میں قائم ہوئی " (1)

ابتداء میں تو یہ محض ایک علمی شعبہ تھا مگر تاریخ نے یہ ثابت کیا کہ یہ ایک متحرک مجلس تھی جس نے اردو زبان و ادب اور دیگر جدید  علوم میں کے فروغ میں اہم کردار ادا کیا۔ انجمن ترقی ِ اردو کو دھلی صدر مقام پر جنوری 1903 میں قائم کیا گیا ۔

            انجمن ترقیِ اردو بنا کسی مذہبی  یا علاقائی تعصب...

تجارتی معاملات میں ترغیبات و مراعات کی انواع و اقسام: شریعت کی روشنی میں تحقیقی مطالعہ

Wherever person goes, he finds unless it finds advertisement tools in various shapes and sizes. These ads, which have become an important pattern in the life of traders are indispensable for them than in contemporary reality. But now companies are specializing in the production of these ads and incentives, taking advantage of all the modern means of magazines and broadcasting video and audio formats and even mobile internet services.  Each of these companies have their own philosophy of it, some of which consider the legitimate controls in advertisements but other are to make money regardless of the appropriateness of these ads or following the controls of legitimacy and this research aims at highlighting the most important of these Islamic perspective controls which must be adhered when designing these commercials ads.  Islam regulates the trade system and provides a sound guideline to its followers. It has forbidden all the malpractices being exercised in business and its advertisement. The research talks about the commercial advertisements, their types, aims and the opinions of Islamic experts about them. Besides, the research proves that advertisement is permissible according to shariah.

Molecular and Functional Characterization of Bioactive Peptides from the Venom of Bracon Hebetor Say. Hymenoptera: Braconidae

Venom is a key-factor in the regulation of host physiology by parasitic Hymenoptera and a potentially rich source of novel bioactive substances for biotechnological applications. The limited study of venom of ectoparasitic wasp Bracon hebetor (Say.) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) has not described the full complement and composition of these biomolecules or the biotechnological potential that they could represent. To provide a more complete insight, the transcripts expressed in the venom glands of the wasp B. hebetor were described using a high-throughput approach with Illumina technology. The transcriptome of the B. hebetor venom glands was analysed by high throughput sequencing using Illumina technology followed by de novo assemblies of the 18,143,814 sequence reads yielded 22,425 contigs of which 10,578 have significant BLASTx homologies in the available databases. The majority of sequence homology was with the ectoparasitoid, Diachasma alloeum, a wasp from the same taxonomic family. Homology was also observed with other wasps, bees, and ants. Gene ontology was used to group sequences by molecular functions in which catalytic activity with 42.2% was the most highly represented, cellular components comprised 33.8% of homologies and biological and metabolic processes represented 30% of the relationships. In this study, we highlight the most abundant sequences, and those that are likely to be functional components of the venom for parasitization. Specifically, we focused on genes encoding proteins that are reported in the literature to be involved in host developmental arrest, disrupting the host immune system, host paralysis, and transcripts that support these functions. The full length ORFs of Calreticulin, the Venom Acid Phosphatase Acph-1 like protein and Arginine Kinase proteins were isolated and their tissue specific expression was studied by RT-PCR. The data showed that these putative venom genes were not expressed in tissues other than venom glands and whole females. Cloning of these genes was also done successfully and Calreticulin was further processed for expression analysis. Functional analysis of the venom of the wasp was performed by artificial microinjections of both crude and treated venom (heat and proteinase) of the wasp containing 0.3 μl and 0.5 μl in non-parasitized and synchronized host insects. Last instars of the host greater wax moth Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) were selected for venom injection bioassays and mortality data of the host insects was recorded after 1, 12, and 24 hours of venom injections while host receiving saline injections were acted as control. Our findings demonstrate that maximum mortality of the host insects (98%) was obtained by microinjections containing volume (0.5 μl) of crude venom. On the other hand heat and proteinase treated venom did not show any significant mortality of the host insect. This is the first report of large-scale analysis of genes transcribed by the venomous gland of the wasp B. hebetor. In addition, results also demonstrate that de novo transcriptome assembly allows useful venom gene expression analysis in a species lacking a genome sequence database, which ultimately provides useful information for devising control tools for insect pests of Pyralidae and other applications.