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Synthesis, X-Ray Studies And Biological Evaluation Of Thiazine Related Heterocycles

Thesis Info

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Author

Muhammad Nadeem Arshad

Department

Department of Chemistry

Program

PhD

Institute

Government College University

Institute Type

Public

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Degree Starting Year

2007

Degree End Year

2010

Subject

Chemistry

Language

English

Link

https://library.gcu.edu.pk/Thesis/PhD/Nadeem16PHD07.pdf  

Other

CD is also available at PG Library

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676711018778

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نکل کر خانقاہوں سے ادا کر رسمِ شبیری

نکل کر خانقاہوں سے ادا کر رسم شبیری
رشی کے فاقوں سے ٹوٹا نہ برہمن کا طِلسم
عصا نہ ہو تو کلیمی ہے کارِ بے بنیاد
معاشرہ وہی مستحسن قرار دیا جاسکتا ہے جس میں عدل و انصاف ، مساوات، اخوت و ہمدردی ، مرّوت، بھائی چار ہ جیسی اخلاقی صفات عروج پر ہوں اور بے راہ روی ، اقرباء پروری ، رشوت ستانی ، انارکی جیسی غیر اخلاقی اور خصائل قبیحہ کا قلع قمع ہو چکا ہو ایسے معاشرے کا وجود پوری انسانیت کے لیے نعمت غیر مترقبہ سے کم نہیں ہوتا۔ اور ایسے معاشرے کے وجود کے استحکام کے لیے آسمانی مخلوق کارہائے نمایاں سرانجام نہیں دیتی بلکہ اس خطہ سے تعلق رکھنے والے لوگ ہی آگے بڑھتے ہیں اور حسنِ معاشرہ میں مشاطگی کرتے ہوئے عظیم سے عظیم تر اقوام کی تخلیق کا سبب بنتے ہیں۔ خدا داد صلاحیت کے حامل لوگ اللہ اور اس کے رسول صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم کی رضا کی خاطر یہ فریضہ سرانجام دیتے ہیں۔
مُصَلَّا بیچ کر خنجر خرید اے زاہدؔ ناداں
فقیری سے تری ٹکرانے کو یہ بادشاہی ہے
حدیث رسول مقبول صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم ہے کہ اگر تم میں سے کوئی برائی دیکھے تو اس پر لازم ہے کہ وہ اس کو اپنے ہاتھ سے منع کرے، اگر وہ اپنے آپ کو اس اہل نہیں سمجھتا تو پھر اپنی زبان سے منکرات کی مخالفت کرے اور پھر اگر وہ ایسا کرنے سے بھی اپنے آپ کو قاصر تصور کرتا ہے تو پھر اپنے دل سے ہی اس کو برا جانے اور یہ اس کے کمزور ایمان کی علامت ہے۔
برائی سے مراد صرف یہ نہیں ہے کہ شراب خانہ پر نظر پڑے تو برائی ہے، چور کو چوری کرتے دیکھو تو یہ برائی ہے، ڈاکو کو ڈاکہ زنی میں...

علم مختلف الحدیث پر امام شافعی کے تفکرات کا تحقیقی مطالعہ

After the era of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W), there were dissimilarities in interpretations of contradictive revelations by Muhammad (S.A.W) thereby questioning their authentication while being considered a basic source of extracting the Sharia acts. In this context, Imam Shāfʿī studies all the dissimilarities and contradictions and devised finest principles which performed very positive role in rationalizing the conflicting Ahadiths. He was first to discuss these matters in an innovative manner. It is therefore, essential for investigator to refer to Shāfʿīs principles to rationalize any Hadith lying under contradiction. Imam Shāfʿī stated that Hadith is not itself contradicting but its apparent meaning leads the investigator into misconception. Consequently, he has stated three methods to remove this conflict. First is the combination (جمع) which recommends working on both Ahadiths at the same time rather than leaving either of them. Second is the abrogation (تنسیخ) which requires extensive knowledge of Quran and History before inferring the final decision of Muhammad (S.A.W) and scholars widely recommend Imam Shāfiʿī in recognizing abrogated Ahadiths. Third is preference (ترجيح) which is based upon peripheral attributes.

Deposition of Semiconductor Thin Films and Nanoparticles by Molecular Precursors Approach for Solar Cell Applications

Semiconductor materials in compound form have been extensively investigated in recent years as photoabsorber materials for thin film solar cells. The research work presented in this thesis reports the use of a number of dialkyldichalcogenophosphinatometal complexes as molecular precursors for deposition of binary, ternary and quaternary semiconductor thin films and nanoparticles. Several complexes belonging to diphenyldiselenophosphinatometal family with general formula [Mx(Ph2PSe2)y] (Where M = Cu, In, Ga, Zn, Sn Pb and Fe) have been synthesized in high yield by a new efficient and reproducible method. Similarly, a number of diisobutyldithiophosphinatometal complexes [Mx(iBu2PS2)y] (Where M = Cu, In, Ga, Zn, Sn, Pb, and Fe) have been synthesized by a facile and reproducible approach utilizing commercially available ligand. The assynthesized complexes have been characterized using mass spectrometry, NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Thermogravimetric analyses were carried out to study the degradation of these complexes under the influence of temperature.These complexes have been used as single source precursors (SSPs) for deposition of binary metal selenide (Cu2-xSe, In2Se3, ZnSe, and PbSe) and metal sulfide (Cu2-xS, In2S3, ZnS and PbS) thin films by aerosol-assisted chemical vapour deposition (AACVD). Similarly, thin films of ternary semiconductor materials (CuInSe2, CuGaSe2, Cu2SnSe3, CuFeSe2, CuInS2, CuGaS2, Cu2SnS3, CuFeS2) as well as quaternary materials (CuIn1xGaxSe2, CuIn1-xGaxS2, Cu2ZnSnSe4 and Cu2ZnSnS4) have been deposited using suitable molar combinations of these molecular precursors in AACVD experiments.Depositions were carried out at four different temperatures (350, 400, 450 and 500 °C) to study the influence of deposition temperature on morphology, mean diameter, stoichiometry and crystallographic phase of the deposited material. Similarly, parametric studies were also undertaken to investigate the effect of solvent, precursor concentration and carrier gas flow rate on quality of the deposited thin films. Characterization of the thin films was carried out by powder X-ray diffraction (p-XRD) studies, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Significant variation of grain size, shape, stoichiometry and phase structure was observed by varying the deposition parameters, particularly the deposition temperature. In short, a range of materials has been deposited by AACVD, with good control over properties of the material like crystallographic phase, stoichiometry and morphology of the crystallites. Keeping in view the recent trend of using semiconductor nanocrystals as solar inks for deposition of photoabsorber layer in solar cells, diphenyldiselenophosphinatometal and diisobutyldithiophosphinatometal complexes have also been used for colloidal preparation of binary, ternary, and quaternary semiconductor nanoparticles. Effect of various nanoparticles growth parameters like growth temperature, reaction duration and precursors concentration was investigated in detail. Nanocrystals were characterized by p-XRD studies, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Band gaps of the asgrown nanocrystals were determined by using Tauc plots drawn from UV-Vis-NIR absorption data. It was demonstrated that mean diameter, morphology and band gap of the nanocrystals could be controlled by judicious choice of the growth parameters. Furthermore, stoichiometry of the as-grown nanoparticles could also be controlled by suitably adjusting the molar ratios of molecular precursors used in the reaction. Good quality, phase pure and monodispersed nanoparticles have been prepared by thermolytic degradation of these dialkyldichalcogenophosphinatometal precursors. In conclusion, a comprehensive study on preparation of a wide range of semiconductor nanoparticles, by using molecular precursors approach, has been carried out. These nanoparticles may potentially be used as solar inks, thus providing an attractive alternative route for deposition of photoabsorber layer in thin film solar cells. The upshot of this novel study is that a facile and effective alternate route for deposition of wide ranging semiconductor thin films and nanoparticles, using dialkyldichalcogenophosphinato-metal precursors, has been developed. This molecular precursor route offers the possibility for judicious tuning of material properties for their optimal utilization in solar cell applications, thus providing a viable solution of energy shortage through a renewable route.