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Extra Vision: A Hybrid Compression Algorithm For Desktop Videoconferencing

Thesis Info

Author

Fayaz Ahmed Abbasi

Supervisor

Bhawani Shankar Chowdhary

Department

Department of Electronic Engineering

Institute

Mehran University of Engineering and Technology

Institute Type

Private

City

Jamshoro

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

1999

Subject

Electronic Engineering

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 22:33:55

ARI ID

1676729137303

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تنقید کے اصول

موضوع4:تنقید کے اصول
تنقید کے اصول:
تنقید کے اصول اور طریقہ کار میں فرق ہے۔تنقید کے دو مروجہ طریقے ہیں:
• استخراجی طریقہ کار • استقرائی طریقہ کار
استخراجی طریقہ کار:
اس طریقہ کار میں کل سے جزویا عام سے خاص کی طرف جاتے ہیں۔مثلا تمام انسان فانی ہیں لہذابلال بھی فانی ہے۔
استقرائی طریقہ کار:
اس طریقہ کار میں جزو سے کل یا خاص سے عا م کی طرف جایا جاتا ہے۔مثلا خیبر پختونخواہ کے کوے کالے ہیں، پنجاب کے کوے کالے ہیں، بلوچستان کے کوے کالے ہیں لہذاپاکستان بھر کے کوے کالے ہیں۔
تنقید کے اصول
غیر جانبداری:
تنقید کا پہلا اصول غیر جانبداری ہے۔دوستی ،تعلق داری یا پیسے کی لالچ میں جانبداری کا مظاہرہ کرنا نہیں۔اصل نقاد غیر جانبداری کا مظاہر ہ کرتا ہے۔
محنت اور لگن سے کام:
نقاد ہمیشہ محنت سے کام کرتا ہے۔ اچھا نقاد کسی کتاب کو پڑھ کر ہی اس پر تنقید کر سکتا ہے اور رائے دے سکتا ہے۔
حقائق سے آگاہی:
نقاد کو حقیقتوں کا پتہ ہونا چاہیے مثلا انٹرنیٹ کے مسائل ہر جگہ پر ہیں۔ اس حقیقت کو مدنظر رکھ کر رائے دینی چاہیئے یعنی حقیقت پسند ہونا چاہیئے۔
مضمون پر عبور:
ایک نقاد کو اپنے مضمون پر بھرپور عبور ہونا چاہییمثلا نظم پر تنقید کرتے ہوئے نظم کی بنیادی چیزیں مثلا وزن، بحر، ردیف، قافیہ، مطلع، مقطع و?غیرہ کا پتہ ہونا چاہیئے۔ اسی طرح ناول پر تنقید کرنے کے لیے اس کے پلاٹ، موضوع، کردار نگاری،مکالمہ نگاری وغیرہ یعنی اس موضوع کی بنیادیں چیزوں سے آگاہ ہو۔
جرات اظہار:
ایک اچھے نقاد کے اندر جرات اظہارکا ہون ازحد ضروری ہے یعنی مصنف کے قد کاٹھ کو دیکھنے کی بجائے اس کے کام میں جہاں غلطی ہو اسے ببانگ دہل بیان کرسکے۔
شخصیت پرستی سے پرہیز:
نقاد کے لیے لازم ہے کہ وہ شخصیت پرستی سے...

عناية أئمة النقد الحديثي بفقه الحديث

It is generally perceived in contemporary intellectual movements that canonical Traditionalists did not take had฀th text into consideration as their scholarly efforts were limited to the evaluation of had฀th chains. Aforementioned notion - in my opinion - originates from shallow study of methodology adopted by canonical had฀th critics، as a deeper look into their scholarly works reveals that sciences of had฀th includes the authentication and disparagement of traditions as well as comprehension and deduction from had฀th content. The sole objective of early Traditionalists from transmission، collection of had฀th، its evaluation، authentication and disparagement was to safeguard the true meaning of Sunnah and to transmit it in its pure form to the successors. In fact the peculiarity of their work is that they exert all efforts in order to deal with had฀th as a single undivided whole، where examination of content was not irrelevant to the evaluation of chain، their conscientious efforts recorded in major works of had฀th show how they evaluated content of had฀th to determine that it was not contradictory to Shari‘ah، or with another sound tradition، as there was a possibility that a certain reliable reporter made mistake or speculated in transmitting the meaning of had฀th. Therefore we witness them disparaging a certain transmitter for his negligence and errors whereas his had฀th is forsaken، moreover they would not consider him a Traditionalists or muhaddith฀n if excessive speculations were found in his report. This research paper aims at investigating the aforementioned hypothesis.

Experimental Study of Heat Transfer by Natural Convection Through Vertical Cylinders

Miniature Neutron Source Reactor (MNSR) is a passively cooled system operating in Natural convection heat transfer mode. A typical MNSR located at the premises of PIEAS (Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences) called as Pakistan Atomic Research Reactor-II, PARR-II. From safety analysis point of view the literature lacks any experimental study or information that can be used to predict the outer surface temperatures along the axial length of a fuel rod in the reactor core. Similarly the literature also lacks any information regarding the prediction of the fluid exit bulk temperature as a function of the reactor thermal power. The thermal power range for the operation of this particular MNSR studied ranges from 5.4 to 27 KW. The current experimental study is a pioneering effort to find a solution to the above mentioned problem. Hence, steady state heat transfer by natural convection was investigated experimentally from an enclosed assembly of thin vertical cylinders at high Grashof numbers. The published literature lacks experimental data regarding such a study in the turbulent boundary layer regime. An enclosed assembly consisted of a 3 x 3 array of vertical cylinders immersed in a large volume tank of water was used. All the cylinders were electrically heated. Various uniform heat fluxes were applied to each cylinder and the surface temperature at different positions along the cylinders were measured. The experimental results show that the surface temperature increases axially up to a certain length, then decreases due to some extra mixing which increases the heat transfer. However, such a behavior is expected to have little effect if the enclosed assembly consists of a large number of thin vertical cylinders. A criterion has been proposed for the determination of the onset of turbulent boundary layer in an assembly. The local heat transfer coefficient, local Nusselt number and local modified Rayleigh number have been presented for the experimental data. It has been found that a much better representation of experimental data results, if the Nusselt number is presented as a function of modified Grashof number and Prandtl number separately instead of modified Rayleigh number. This representation includes the effect of different fluids and L/d ratios. Similarly empirical correlations between overall Nusselt number and average modified Rayleigh number have also been developed based on the data of the assembly of cylinders used in the current study. This empirical correlation for an assembly * developed in current study is valid for 1.28 x 10 12 £ RaL £ 1.18 x 1013. A much better generalized correlation has also been proposed for natural convection heat transfer from a single vertical cylinder in an infinite medium which shows a better fit to all the currently available experimental data. The literature also lacks such a generalized correlation. The results obtained in this study have been utilized to predict the axial surface temperatures as well as the fluid bulk outlet temperature of PARR-II. Hence the correlations developed from current study are applicable to all thermal power ranges in PARR-II type MNSR reactors or any other assembly of vertical heated thin cylinders.