نواب جعفر علی خاں اثرؔ لکھنوی
افسوس ہے کہ ۶ جون کو نواب جعفر علی خاں اثر لکھنوی نے انتقال کیا، وہ اس دور کے استاد فن شاعر اور اردو زبان و ادب کے نامور محقق تھے، اس کے جملہ متعلقات پر ان کی نظر بڑی گہری اور محققانہ تھی، اور اس میں ان کا قول سند کی حیثیت رکھتا تھا، ان کی ذات لکھنؤ کی تہذیب و شائستگی اور قدیم شرافت و وضعداری کا نمونہ تھی، ان کی زندگی کا بڑا حصہ سرکاری ملازمت میں گذرا، کلکٹری کے عہدے سے ریٹائر ہوئے لیکن تصنیف و تالیف و تلاش و تحقیق کا مشغلہ ہمیشہ جاری رہا اور انھوں نے اردو زبان و ادب کے مختلف پہلوؤں پر محققانہ مضامین اور مستقل کتابیں لکھیں، ان کا سب سے بڑا کارنامہ فرہنگ اثر ہے جس کی پہلی جلد شائع ہوچکی ہے، ان کی وفات سے اردو زبان کا ایک بڑا محقق اٹھ گیا، اور قدیم تہذیب کی ایک اہم یادگار مٹ گئی، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، جون ۱۹۶۷ء)
In every age, the state has been a better form of the congregation and an integral part of societies. There has never been a state in human history that has introduced so many social reforms in a short period of time as Madina State did in a short period of time. That is why the state of Madina will remain a role model for all states established until the Day of Judgment. History testifies that as long as Islamic states followed this role model, their contemporary states continued to envy on their social, economic and military position. But unfortunately, the decline of the Muslim Ummah reached the peak by the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the representative state of the Muslims, in the early twentieth century. But before the half-century was over, the Islamic world began to gain independence from colonial powers. By the end of the twentieth century, more than fifty Muslim countries appeared on the geography of the modern world, but their flags were the spokesmen for colors, ethnicity, language, and region except for Pakistan. Political freedom from ideological and intellectual freedom could not be transformed by the Islamic nation’s imperialist powers Rather, the political leadership continued to work on the agenda of the West, causing many social and economic problems for the present Islamic States. The prevailing conditions of the present Islamic countries require that their rulers should re-establish their policies by making Madina state as their role model. The following article presents a golden outline of the welfare state, which will help to make the current Islamic state a welfare state.
This thesis primarily addresses the systematic modification of polyamides, poly(amide- imide)s, polyimides and polyurethanes to yield high performance poly(thiourea-amide)s, poly(thiourea-amide-imide)s, imide)s, poly(thiourea-ether-imide)s, poly(urethane-thiourea)s, poly(phenylthiourea-azomethine- poly(urethane-thiourea-imide)s and poly(urethane- azomethine-thiourea)s. The foremost goal of current research is the structural modification of polymers exploiting the synthetic chemistry to attain excellent solubility via slightly disrupting polymer chain regularity and packing. Various synthetic schemes were developed for the inclusion of thiourea moieties along with other desired linkages in these polymers. The designed monomers (dinitro, diamines, dicarboxylic acids, diacid chlorides, diols and diisocyanates) bearing pre-formed linkages were then synthesized and employed for the preparation of novel thiourea-based polymeric materials. The incorporation of different functional groups provides an opportunity to control certain physical properties such as solvent miscibility, η inh , crystallinity, molecular weight, thermal stability and flame retardancy of the resulting polymers. The effect of thiourea and other functional groups on the properties of newly synthesized polymers were scrutinized together with their structure-property relationship. Major tools utilized for the examination of polymer properties are FTIR, 1 H NMR, solubility, viscometry, GPC, TGA, DSC and XRD. Novel thiourea-based polymers demonstrated outstanding thermal stability without deteriorating their organosolubility or processability. Another objective of the work was to evaluate the expedient applications and potential relevance of these valuable high-performance materials for advanced technologies. The processable poly(thiourea-amide)s, poly(thiourea- amide-imide)s, poly(thiourea-ether-imide)s and poly(urethane-azomethine-thiourea)s were found to have superior thermal stability as well as non-flammability. Poly(phenylthiourea-azomethine- imide)s having C=S and –C=N– moieties can act as imminent contenders to fabricate certain electrically conducting materials. Poly(thiourea-amide)s, in addition to the excellent solubility and thermal resistance, can be employed as solid extracting phases for the elimination of environmentally toxic metal ions from aqueous media. Prior to this effort, reported in peer- reviewed journals, synthesis of high temperature polymers bearing C=S entity was an unexplored area. Easy processability, high molar mass, heat and flame stability, electrical conductivity, etc, depict their high adaptability in future, rendering them backbone materials in polymer science.