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کنفیوشس کے سماجی و سیاسی نظریات کا جائزہ

Thesis Info

Author

محمد سلیم

Supervisor

نور الدین جامی

Department

شعبہ علوم اسلامیہ

Program

MA

Institute

Bahauddin Zakariya University

Institute Type

Public

City

Multan

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Degree Starting Year

1997

Degree End Year

1999

Language

Urdu

Keywords

کنفیوشس , اسلام اور کنفیوشسیت
Confucius, Islam and Confucianism

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-16 22:08:49

ARI ID

1676709260685

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احمد ندیمؔ قاسمی

احمد ندیمؔ قاسمی کی رحلت
مشہور ترقی پسند ادیب و شاعر جناب احمد ندیم قاسمی طویل عرصے سے اردو کے افقِ شعر و ادب پر ضوفشاں تھے، افسوس ہے کہ ۱۰؍ جولائی کو وہ وفات پاگئے، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔
انہیں پھیپھڑے کی تکلیف اور تنفس کا عارضہ پہلے سے تھا، اس بار دل کی بیماری میں مبتلا ہوئے اور لاہور کے پنجاب انسٹی ٹیوٹ آف کارڈیالوجی میں بڑی نگہ داشت والی یونٹ میں داخل کیے گئے تھے لیکن بیماری دل نے کام تمام کردیا اور اردو زبان نے اپنا ایک قد آور ادیب و شاعر، بڑا افسانہ نگار اور ممتاز صحافی اور کالم نگار کھودیا۔
ان کا اصل نام احمد شاہ تھا لیکن دنیائے شعر و ادب میں احمد ندیم قاسمی کے نام سے معروف ہوئے، وہ مغربی پنجاب کی وادی سون سیکسر کے گاؤں انگہ ضلع خوشاب میں ۲۰؍ نومبر ۱۹۱۶؁ء کو پیدا ہوئے تھے لیکن ان کے فکر و عمل کی جولان گاہ لاہور تھا اور یہی آخر میں ان کا مدفن بھی بنا۔
احمد ندیم قاسمی پنجاب یونیورسٹی سے گریجویشن کرنے کے بعد جلد ہی صحافت کے میدان میں وارد ہوئے، اس میں ان کا جوہر خوب کھلا، ان کا تعلق درجنوں اخبار اور رسائل سے رہا، ۱۹۴۳؁ء سے ۱۹۴۵؁ء تک ’’ادب لطیف‘‘ سے منسلک تھے، ۱۹۴۷؁ء میں ’’سویرا‘‘ کی ادارت سنبھالی، نقوش میں بھی اپنا نقش چھوڑا، امتیاز علی تاج کے رسالے ’’پھول‘‘ اور ’’تہذیب نسواں‘‘ سے وابستہ ہو کر ادب اطفال اور نسائی ادب میں اپنا سکہ جمایا، ’’امروز‘‘ ترقی پسند تحریک کا آرگن تھا، اس میں ’’پنچ دریا‘‘ کے نام سے فکاہی کالم لکھ کر اپنی خوش طبعی اور بذلہ سنجی کا ثبوت دیا اور کالم نگاری میں امتیازی درجہ حاصل کیا، وہ اس میں پنجاب کے مشہور صحافی عبدالمجید سالک کو اپنا استاد مانتے تھے، بعد میں وہ اس...

Measuring Adaptive Expertise in Radiology Residents: A Multicenter Study

Introduction: Adaptive expertise is the ability of individuals to create innovative solutions when they come across novel problems or workplace challenges. Clinicians are often adept at handling routine clinical procedures but lack confidence and a proper strategy when previously un-encountered situations arise. Lots of research has been conducted on basic concepts and development of adaptive expertise however major chunk of literature belongs to non- medical fields. Little is studied about assessment of adaptive expertise in medical professionals and postgraduate residents. Objective: To measure adaptive expertise (AE) of radiology residents and to assess any association between the AE of postgraduate radiology residents (PGR) and their years of training. Methods: This multicenter correlational study involved 181 radiology residents from nine major teaching hospital of Lahore, Pakistan from May to October 2019. Katerina Bohle Carbonell Adaptive Expertise Inventory was used as a data collection tool. The questionnaire contained a total of eleven items encompassing two dimensions of AE: domain-specific and innovative skills. Total scores representing AE of PGRs were measured. AE scores and years of training were correlated using Spearman rho correlation. One-way ANOVA was conducted to further evaluate the association between AE and years of postgraduate training. Results: Out of 181 residents there were 78 (43.1%) males and 103 (56.9%) females. Most of them, 97 (53.6%) were enrolled in four years fellowship (FCPS) program and 62 (34.3%) were in the first year of their residency. Total AE scores of all radiology residents ranged from 33 to 54. AE scores and years of residency were positively correlated (rs= 0.4, p < 0.01). One-way ANOVA and Post hoc comparisons using Tukey HSD test further revealed significant pairwise differences between mean scores of residents’ groups (p = < 0.05) rejecting the null hypothesis. Conclusion: Overall, this study concludes that residents acquire adaptive expertise perpetually with progression in their training. KEYWORDS: Adaptive Expertise (AE), Radiology, Postgraduate Residents (PGRs)

Fortification of Compost Through Microbes and Inorganic Fertilizer in Cereal-Legume Intercropping Systems

Organic wastes are becoming severe threat to the environment. Organic wastes can be effectively utilized as a potential resource of nutrients through composting. Composts can be claimed as fortified compost after nutrient enrichment and blending with Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). This new technology can prove feasible in terms of lower application rates of compost (300-500 Kg ha-1 as compared to normal application of 1-2 tonnes ha-1) and can reduce upto 50 % of the recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers. Low organic matter is major limiting factor for agricultural productivity especially in semi arid and arid regions. Composted organic material can be applied on agricultural soils as an amendment to provide nutrients, to enhance their organic matter content and to improve the physio-chemical properties of soils. The presence of PGPR in rhizosphere significantly increase plant growth and yield under nitrogen limiting conditions. Cereal-legume intercropping have also been shown to increase productivity, improve soil fertility and control spread of pests, diseases and weeds. Intercropping reduces nitrate leaching from fields without loss of crop yields. Production of pulses is affected by many biotic and abiotic stresses, little use of bacterial inoculums which hamper the realization of actual yield potential. There is major decline in cultivated area of pulses in Pakistan due to displacement of traditional growing areas and low soil fertility. to address all these issues this study was carried out with the following objectives: (i) to assess the impact of fortified compost on soil fertility under cereal- legume intercropping (ii) to increase production of maize and pulses, especially mashbean through utilization of spring xxi season along with summer and (iii) to enhance farm profitability through enriched compost and appropriate cropping system. Two years field experiment for the proposed study was carried out at Farmers filed, Union Council Girja, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan during 2010-2012 in both spring and summer seasons. Maize (Zea mays L.), mashbean (Vigna mungo L.) and mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) sole as well cereal-legume intercrop which were tested against the given fertility treatments. Sandy clay loam soil with 30 % clay, 50% sand, and 20 % silt was exist at experimental site. The field experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with strip plot arrangements keeping cropping system in main plot and fertility treatments in subplots replicated thrice. Maize variety “Agati 2002”, mashbean cultivar “Chakwal mash” and mungbean cultivar “Mung-06” was used in both years for both seasons. Spring crop was sown in mid of February and summer crop in mid July during both the years, using single row hand drill. Five cropping systems viz. sole maize, sole mungbean, sole mashbean, maize + mungbean intercropping and maize + mashbean intercropping and four fertility treatments; chemical fertilizer recommended (Maize NP@ 120:80 kg ha-1 & Legumes/Intercropping NP@ 40:60 kg ha-1), compost @ 1000 kg ha-1, compost@ 1000 kg ha-1 + ½ chemical fertilizer and compost @ 1000 kg ha-1 + PGPR + ½ chemical fertilizer were compared against control. In fortification process commercial compost was fortified (nutrient enrichment) with half recommended NP fertilizer @ 60:40 kg ha-1 and potential PGPR strains were tested under maize-mungbean/mashbean cropping systems. xxii On the basis of agronomic, competitive indices as well as economic performance of different cereal-legumes intercropping, it was well evident that Integrated Nutrient Management System, i.e., combination of organic, biological and chemical fertilizers {Compost @ 1000 kg ha-1 + PGPR + ½ Chemical fertilizer (60 & 40 kg ha-1 NP)} among fertility treatments performed best (better than full dose chemical fertilizer, PGPR and compost) in terms of net returns and soil fertility status improvement. As by above mentioned combination Rs. 274528 net returns ha-1 year-1 were recorded in maize + mashbean intercropping which was 40.43 % higher than the control and enhanced soil N and P. Among tested Cropping systems, cultivation of mashbean in the spring season proved to be successful like maize and mungbean, so cereal-legume intercrop proved to be beneficial in both summer and spring seasons. Maize + mashbean and maize + mungbean intercropping proved better than any of the sole crop in terms of total production and net returns for the area. Net returns (Rs. ha-1 Year-1) data also revealed that maximum net returns per year obtained from maize + mashbean intercropping. Combined application of compost @ 1000 kg ha-1 + PGPR + ½ chemical fertilizer attained highest net returns of Rs. 274528 ha-1 Year-1 (US $ 2745) (summer + spring). It was 40.43 % higher than the control under same cropping system. However maize + mashbean intercropping system yielded 37.97 % higher than sole maize and 68.67 % higher than sole mashbean. Under above mentioned fertility combination maize + mashbean intercropping attained 12.10 % higher net returns than maize + mungbean due to higher market price of mashbean as compared to mungbean.