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Exploration of Dagum Distribution under the Bayesian Paradigm

Thesis Info

Author

Wasiq Khalil

Supervisor

Muhammad Aslam

Program

Mphil

Institute

Riphah International University

Institute Type

Private

City

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2017

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

xix, 153 . : ill. ; 30 cm. +CD

Subject

Mathematics

Language

English

Other

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Statistics Faculty of Mathematics and Applied Statistics; Includes bibliographical references and appendix.; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Riphah International University, 2017; English; Call No: 519.5 WAS

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676711225344

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خدا اور ملائک کا میں ہم نوا ہوں


خدا اور ملائک کا میں ہم نوا ہوں
’’شب و روز مشغولِ صلِّ علیٰ ہوں‘‘

مری خاک پر ، پَر فرشتے بچھائیں
مدینے کو جاتا ہوا راستہ ہوں

درِ شہؐ پہ آ کر کہے شب کی ظلمت
طلب گارِ انوارِ شمس الضحیٰ ہوں

خیاباں خیاباں نویدِ بہاراں
دیارِ نبیؐ کی معطر ہوا ہوں

مجھے خیر کی بھیک ملتی رہے گی
گدائے درِ آلِ خیرالوریٰ ہوں

کہا آبِ کوثر نے ہونٹوں کو چھُو کر
جزائے ثنائے شہِ دوسَرا ہوں

مجھے اپنی قسمت پہ ہے ناز عرفانؔ
گدائے شہنشاہِ روزِ جزا ہوں

Tales Told by God: Stylistic Peculiarities of Qrua’nic Narratives.

Abstract The religious seminaries (Madaris) 1 of Pakistan have been a hot topic of discussion in the national and international media. These Madaris are reminiscent of the ancient education system of Islam. They attracted people’s attention during the last two decades and especially after the 11th September 2001 incident of New York. Another aspect of interest was their role in the Islamic insurgence (Jihad) waged in various parts of the world particularly in Afghanistan and Kashmir. These institutions impart orthodox education based on centuries old syllabus called Dars-i Nizami. The administrators are disinclined to any slight change in the contents of the syllabus thus bringing them to an open conflict with the modem education system and western culture. The Madaris have been divided on the basis of religious sects i. e. Shia, Sunni and Ahl-i-Hadith. Of them Sunnis are further splintered into many sub-sects such as Deobandis, Brelvis, etc. But their adherence to the primitive education, Jihad and abhorrence for the western civilization is almost the same. Despite repeated reference to these Madaris, there are many misconceptions or disinformation about them In the present paper, an attempt has been made to remove these misconceptions and present a true picture. Besides, historical perspective, vital statistics, curricula and problems and prospects have discussed in the paper in hand

Development and Testing of Photoanode Materials for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

This thesis describes the purposeful fabrication of TiO2 photoanode based dye sensitized solar cells (DSCs) and their detailed characterization. The aim was to investigate the structural function relationship of the photoanode on the photovoltaic performance of the devices. The hierarchical anatase TiO2 microspheres (Tmic) and nanoparticles (Tnano), with an average particle size of 0.38 µm and 20 nm, were synthesized by low cost solution and hydrothermal methods, respectively. Highly screen printable pastes of the Tmic and Tnano have been developed to prepare bifunctional films, with increased light scattering and large surface area, for the solar cells. These advantageous properties of TiO2 microspheres were evidenced by the evaluation of electrochemical and photoelectrochemical characterization. In the DSCs, these films lead to a 32% increase in conversion efficiencies when compared to those with the films of TiO2 nanoparticles only. The efficiency was further improved by TiCl4 post-treatment. In the second part of the study, the anatase TiO2 microspheres were annealed at elevated temperature of 500 oC and 900 oC for one hour in order to obtain highly crystalline and phase pure anatase and rutile TiO2 microspheres, respectively. These microspheres were used as the upper light scattering layer in a double layered structure with Tnano as the lower dye sensitization layer in anatase phase. Remarkable improvement of 48 % and 58 % in the power conversion efficiency was recorded for anatase and rutile microspherical TiO2 scattering layers respectively, in comparison to the devices having no scattering layer composition. In particular, the performance of rutile TiO2 microspheres as light scattering layer was quite high (6.3 %) due its high refractive index (2.79) than the anatase phase (2.54). Thirdly, to further improve the efficiency of the DSCs based on double layered photoanodes, the compact blocking layers were introduced beneath the absorber layer. The blocking layers of TiO2 and ZnO/TiO2 were deposited on FTO surface by electrostatic layer by layer deposition method at room temperature. These blocking layers physically blocked the access of redox electrolyte and retarded the electron back reaction at FTO/meso-TiO2/electrolyte interface.A considerable increase in electron life time (18 ms to 42 ms) was observed with these DSCs which resulted in larger short circuit current densities and higher overall power conversion efficiencies up to 9.0 %. In the fourth part of investigation, the results of differently modified pastes, using commercial TiO2 nanoparticles as the major component, have been presented. The focus iii was on the optimization of the concentration of binders and the rheological agents to develop high quality screen printed TiO2 films. The properties discussed include the porosity, cracks and aggregates, connectivity of the particles, their strong adherence to FTO surface, charge transport, and the dye uptake ability. Among the various pastes, the best paste was utilized for the screen printed photoanodes, to optimize the film thickness and the annealing temperature. The best photovoltaic performance was achieved with three layers of commercial TiO2 film of 15 µm thickness and annealed at 500oC. Finally, in the light of findings of the present research work and overall literature review, the worldly established overall certified power conversion efficiency (13%) achieved by DSCs at laboratory scale and submodule level so far in comparison to other competent solar cell technologies have been summarized.Further, the prospect of future development of DSCs to become industrially mature technology has been presented by analyzing the different challenges that needs to be carefully controlled.