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Modeling and Calculation of Power Losses in Sever Plastic Deformed Electrical Steel Samples

Thesis Info

Author

Mahmood Ul Hassan

Supervisor

Muhammad Farooq Nasir

Program

Mphil

Institute

Riphah International University

Institute Type

Private

City

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

vii, 94 . : ill. ; 30 cm. +CD

Language

English

Other

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Masters of Philosophy in Physics to the Faculty of Basic Sciences and Humanities.; Includes bibliographical references; Thesis (M.Phil)--Riphah International University, 2018; English; Call No: MAH 621.3

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676711277372

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ہجر فراق سوہنے یار دے وچ: ۴

سی حرفی ۔۴
(دوہرے بیت وچ، رسال پور۱۹۹۵)
الف
آس نہیں ٹُٹدی، تے جند نہیں چھٹدی، وچ دلیلاں پئیاں تے مر گئیاں
تیز نگاہواں، خونی مژگاں، بہہ جگر وچ گئیاں، روندی پئیاں
ہجر فراق برہوں دی سولی، سرتاں مول نہ رہیاں، ہوشاں گئیاں
آکھ حنیف نہ چین دلے نوں، عشقے نے لٹ لیاں عقلاں گئیاں

ب
بس کر ماہی تے پا نہ پھاہی، اساں ونجناں کیچ ضرور اے، دل مجبور اے
وطناں توں اساں چا چت چائے، انج پایا عشق فتور اے، ماہی مغرور اے
ملساں جھوک سجن دی جا کے، بھانویں پینڈا دور اے، وانگ تندور اے
مر مر یار حنیف نوں پایا، کیتا پیش حضور اے، چکنا چور اے
ت
ترس نہ آیا مینڈا حال ونجایا، دل ہویا وانگ کباب اے، باہجھ حساب اے
کر کر آہیں بلدیاں بھاہیں، ہوئی روح ڈاہڈی بے تاب اے، حال خراب اے
صورت دلبر دی لاثانی، چہرہ نقش کتاب اے، لا جواب اے
حسن حنیف ہے فانی ہر شے،وہم خیال تے خواب اے، مثل حباب اے

ث
ثابت قدم تے صدق چنگیرا، پاسیں دس منزل دی، نیت پھل دی
ہمت مرداں دی کم کر دی، فتح سنیہے گھل دی، آس مچلدی
کر کر یاد سجن نوں ہر دم، رکھاں تاہنگ وصل دی، کاتی چل دی
مار حنیف مکایا نیناں، دھاری تیز کاجل دی، جان نہ جھلدی
ج
جدوں دا ماہی گیا، میکوں گیاں بھل تکراراں، منیاں ہاراں
وچھڑی کونج وانگوں کرلاواں، تے روندی زار و زاراں، چیکاں ماراں
رُت خزاں دی، غم دا موسم، گزریاں موج بہاراں، لالہ زاراں
بھُج مکئی حنیف ہسیندی، اکھیں برسن باراں، پین پھوہاراں

ح
حوالے رب دے کر کے، ٹھیل دتے نے بیڑے، چپو گیڑے
آس اللہ دی مہر محمدؐ، آئے منزل نیڑے، مکے جھیڑے
جھوک سجن دی نیڑے آئی، کدھی لگے بیڑے، رب نبیڑے

أساليب الحافظ الزيلعي في نقد متون السنة من خلال نصب الراية

The methods of Al-Hafiz Al-Zaili in criticizing of text of the Sunnah as described in his book Nasbu Al-Raya in analyzing the hadiths of Hidayah. The science of criticism is well known science since the era of the Companions, and critics of the hadith of the honorable companions have played a very important role in the field of narration and carefully criticizing it. And by passage of the era of the Companions and beginning the era of the followers (tabieen), the criticism became more obvious depending on the growing need, especially after spreading of lie, and creation of fake hadith, which led the critics to further research and verification, for scrutiny between the narrations and then differentiation between the right and the weak. The imams and scholars of hadith from the era of the Companions till present continuously inheriting the approach of criticizing the narratives in succession of their predecessors, whether criticizing the narrators or the texts. I have seen that it is worthwhile to stand on the efforts and methods of one of the imams in his criticism of the hadiths and I have chosen the effort of Imam Hafiz al-Zaili through his book " Nasbu Al-Raya in analyzing the hadiths of Hidayah" to learn how he was using the standards traded among the scholars of Hadith for textual criticism of Sunnah. As the those denied the hadiths from orientalists and their followers and those who follow their example simply claim that the scholars of hadith did not criticize the Sunnah in true criticism and even if they have criticized the hadiths, their criticism was only concerning the narratives not the text, now it is clear through this article that the scholars of hadith did not leave the side of the text, but they criticized text as they criticized the attribution of the hadiths. They set solid rules, which remain scholarly proven and accurate forever. We will revolve in this article around the following topics: learning about Al Hafez Zaili and the science of criticism, methods of textual criticism according to Hafiz Zaili, by focusing on: Criticism of the hadiths for violating the explicit meaning of the Qur'an, or for contradicting the Sunnah, or for contradicting the explicit consensus, or for risking and exaggerating the promise or the warning of simple action, or lack thereof in books of hadith These are the most important rules sited by al-Hafiz al-Zaili, which he practiced and criticized the hadiths and distinguished them between the correct and the weak.

Sliding Mode Based Robust Control Design Framework for Underactuated Mechanical Systems

Underactuated mechanical systems have increasing number of practical applications, theoretical importance as nonlinear benchmark systems, and obvious advantages such as low cost and low weight. However, complex nonlinear behavior makes the control design problem a difficult task and the presence of uncertainties makes it further challenging. Hence, enhanced performance and robustness to uncertainties become critical issues in designing control for these systems. Increasing practical applications and theoretical importance, make the design of a comprehensive robust control framework for underactuated mechanical systems an important problem. The explicit consideration of uncertainties in the design framework and its capabilities to effectively control the highly nonlinear dynamics will enhance the advantages of these systems. SMC techniques remain the only nonlinear control techniques that can better achieves these objectives. In this research work, the author proposes a sliding mode based robust control design framework for underactuated mechanical systems. The framework is comprehensive applicable to classes of systems in a unified but simply-to-apply way. The framework is built on three sliding mode design solutions to the problem. First, a standard SMC design is proposed for underactuated mechanical systems. The control laws take explicitly into account both the matched and unmatched uncertainties. Generic expressions for the sliding mode dynamics are derived. Analytic expressions for the sliding parameters are also given which characterize the desired performance. The main results are general and based on the EulerLagrange representation of these systems. Moreover, the discontinuous terms explicitly embedded in the control for the rejection of matched and unmatched uncertainties provide a better insight and understanding into the complex nature of uncertainties in these systems. Second, to address the chattering associated with standard SMC, the author proposes the use of super-twisting algorithm for underactuated mechanical systems. This treatment is based on linear sliding mode surfaces and use some the results derived for the standard SMC. Third, novel nonlinear sliding manifolds based on the Lagrangian zero dynamics are proposed for underactuated mechanical systems. The application of smooth higher order sliding mode control is proposed to enforce sliding mode in the manifold that guarantees stability of the overall dynamics of the system. The relative degree of these systems, in general, is not 1, and hence, leaving the designer with the choice of using higher order sliding mode control. The proposed design framework remarkably simplifies the control design problem of underactuated mechanical systems. Finally, the nature of dynamics and singularities are hurdles in the global convergence of some underactuated mechanical systems. To overcome these hurdles, the author address the swingup control problems of these systems in a classical way and demonstrate successful swingup and balancing using the proposed higher order sliding mode control.The proposed control design framework is validated for the following benchmark underactuated mechanical systems and achieve enhanced performance with the added advantage of remarkable robustness to uncertainties. 1. The Inertia-Wheel Pendulum 2. The Translational Oscillator with Rotational Actuator 3. The Acrobot 4. The Furuta Pendulum 5. The Overhead Crane 6. The Cart-Pole System 7. The Pendubot 8. The Beam-and-Ball System