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Soft Set Representation of Simple Graphs

Thesis Info

Author

Memoona Naureen

Supervisor

Muhammad Yaqub Khan

Program

Mphil

Institute

Riphah International University

Institute Type

Private

City

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2016

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

vii, 49 . : ill. ; 30 cm. +CD

Subject

Mathematics

Language

English

Other

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosopy to the Faculty of Basic Sciences; Includes bibliographical references; Thesis (M.Phil)--Riphah International University, 2016; English; Call No: 511.5 MEM

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676711325378

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چھوٹے قد کا بڑا آدمی

چھوٹے قد کا بڑا آدمی

قاضی سلطان محمود مرحوم کو ہم سے بچھڑے پانچ سال ہو گئے ۔میرے سیاسی استادوںمیں دو لو گ شامل ہیں ۔قاضی سلطان محمود اور سابق سینئر استاد سردار سلیم صاحب ۔جن سے نہ صرف بہت کچھ سیکھا بلکہ 1978ء میں شروع ہو نے والا مزاحمتی سیاست کا سفر ان کے ساتھ راولپنڈی اس لحاظ سے خوش قسمت شہر تھا جسے پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی کی سیاست میں نہ صرف نمایاں مقام حاصل رہا ہے بلکہ سردار سلیم صاحب اور قاضی سلطان محمود مرحوم جیسی بہادر قیادت ملی دونوں بائیں بازو کی ترقی پسند سیاست پر یقین رکھتے تھے ۔ان کی سوچ فکر نے میرے جیسے سینکڑوں کا رکنوں کی سیاسی تربیت کی جنہوں نے آگے چل کر جنرل ضیاء الحق کے خلاف جمہوریت کی بحالی کی جنگ میں بھرپور کردار ادا کیا ۔

چھوٹے قد کا بڑا آدمی جنرل ضیاء الحق کے مارشل لاء کے خلاف مزاحمتی تحریک کا ایک اہم کردار سلطان محمود قاضی۔ 1979ء بلدیاتی انتخابات کا بگل بج چکا تھا راولپنڈی میں ٹکٹوںکی تقسیم ہو چکی تھی ہمارے حلقہ میں سنا تھا کہ ٹکٹ شیخ جلیل اختر مرحوم کو ملا ہے جو پی پی پی وارڈ کمیٹی ڈھیری حسن آباد کے چئیر مین تھے ۔ایک صبح دروازے پر دستک ہوئی میں نے دروازہ کھولا تو سامنے ملک الطاف حسین مرحوم کھڑے تھے ۔میرا ان سے کوئی تعارف نہ تھا لیکن بلدیاتی انتخابات کے بعد تو ملک صاحب میرے قریب ترین دوستوں میں شامل ہوئے ۔شاہی قلعہ تک اکٹھے گئے ۔ملک الطاف حسین مرحوم نے بتا یا کہ انہیں پاکستا ن پیپلز پارٹی نے وارڈ نمبر 5سے ٹکٹ دیا ہے ۔میں نے انہیں کہا کہ میری تو ابھی ووٹ بھی نہیں بنی میں میٹر ک کا طالب علم ہوں تو انہوں نے ہنستے ہو ئے...

Revival of Complementary and Alternative Herbal Medicines

Herbal medicines, complementary or alternative medicines is a wide term for the therapies that are not part of standard care but it has many theories regarding efficacy based on personal experiences, history and common knowledge. It has long been used since ancient times since the beginning of human civilization. Its use had caught much attention in the early 1800s, with the development in the science of chemistry, a new era in pharmacotherapeutics and the use of active chemical ingredients in plants which were known to produce favorable therapeutic effects, were explored, active compounds were extracted, purified and their structure was revealed. This advancement paved the way towards modern pharmaceutical therapy. The modern drugs are based on these herbal medicines, after extracting the active and pure chemical compounds. Pharmacokinetics and physicochemical properties of the active ingredients was explored. It lead to the better understanding of efficacy and safety profile of these drugs and first choice for treatment of various diseases. At the same time, the herbal medicines were considered as secondarily important. After approximately two centuries, the use of herbal medicines have seen a revival globally both in developing as well as developed countries. In the past few years, the practice of using herbal medicines as an alternative and complementary health medicine has gained more importance. Herbal medicines are common for treatment of various ailments including cancer, digestive disorders, pain related disorders, neuropathic ailments and cardiac arrhythmias etc. Even it has been used by pregnant females and mostly perceived as safe. Its use has gained more attraction due to its ‘natural’ approach and lesser side effects. Their use if often overlooked but physicians should pay attention to these medicines. There is lack of familiarity, standardization of the drug components, unproven therapeutic effects in various diseases, unexplored toxicology, pharmacokinetics, drug-drug interactions, and compatibility in patients with varying medical, genetic and demographic history. There are serious concerns regarding the safety, efficacy and quality of herbal products and nutraceuticals. Accidental contamination and deliberate adulteration are assumed to be the main cause of the side effects. Much of the herbal medical knowledge is scattered in different regions of the world and mostly available at family, community and local level and mostly in any native languages. There is need of coherent sources, knowledge, and exploration of these medicines across the world. The herbal medicine has varying diversity in different geological regions and they should be investigated. There should be a regional or national body to control and approve the herbal medicines. Proper documentations on these medicines and food supplements should also be done.

Intelligent Requirement Prioritization Using Fuzzy Logic

Software Engineering (SE) is one of the youngest engineering domains emerging and developing within past four decades or so. Still, a massive amount of research work has gone into shaping it the way we see it functioning today. As a result, we have an impressive knowledge repository to work with in the form of software development models, software engineering theories and practices etc. The aim of SE is to create software products, services or their artifacts in order to meet the requirements posed by stakeholders while meeting quality constraints imposed on them. In order to meet both these objectives, any software development derives its purpose and meaning from the requirements posed by various stakeholders. Requirement Prioritization is a very critical but often neglected area of requirement engineering. Experience has shown that without proper prioritization of requirements presented by various stakeholders, the end product usually fails to meet its objectives optimally. In fact in many instances, the product is considered a failure because it fails to meet its core objectives. Several requirement prioritization techniques have been presented by various researchers over the past years. Working with these techniques has exposed several limitations when applied in software projects. In this thesis, we have presented a novel multi-level value based intelligent requirement prioritization technique using fuzzy logic and as a facilitating process, we have redefined the “value” of software to better meet its objectives. We have introduced and applied the concept of requirement value to prioritize requirements. We have performed extensive experimentation using our proposed technique along with existing techniques. Results have shown that both our proposed definition and proposed technique have achieved superior prioritization results and consistency. The experiments have also shown that proposed technique is capable of delivering impressive prioritization under varying and often conflicting circumstances.