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داستان گوئی

داستان کی تعریف:
داستان کو اردو نثر کی اولین صنف قرار دیا گیا ہے۔داستان جھوٹی کہانی یا من گھڑت قصہ ہوتا ہے داستان وہ طویل کہانی ہے جو حقیقی زندگی کے بجائے مافوق الفطرت عناصر اور مخیرالعقول واقعات سے تعلق رکھتی ہے۔ ایسی کہانی جادوئی واقعات کا ایک طویل سلسلہ ہوتا ہے۔ دنیا کے تقریبا ہر ادب کے آغاز میں داستان موجود ہے اس کی وجہ انسان کے شعور کی اولین سطح ہے۔ علم و آگہی کے فروغ اور سائنس اور ٹیکنالوجی کے باعث انسان داستان کی سحرزدہ طبع سے باہر نکلا تو ادب میں داستان کی ناول ،ناولٹ ،افسانہ اور مختصر افسانہ وغیرہ جیسی اصناف متعارف ہوئیں۔داستان افسانوی ادب کی قدیم ترین صنف ہے۔ ان کے کردار عام طور پر مثالی ہوتے ہیں۔ زبان میں تکلف زیادہ ہوتا ہے۔اکثر داستانوں کا ماخذ عربی فارسی یا سنسکرت قصے ہوتے ہیں بعض طبع زاد ہوتے ہیں۔
اردو ادب میں داستان:
اردو کی قدیم داستانوں میں قصہ مہر افروز و دلبر، نو طرز مرصع، عجائب القصص، فسانہ عجائب، بوستان خیال، داستان امیر حمزہ، طلسم ہوش ربا کو بہت زیادہ مقبولیت حاصل ہے۔ اس کے بعد فورٹ ولیم کالج میں لکھی گئی داستانوں میں باغ و بہار، آرائشِ محفل، مذہبِ عشق وغیرہ بہت مشہور ہوئیں۔
اردو داستان کی تاریخ
دکن میں اردو داستان:
اردو میں تقریباً تمام اصناف کی ابتدا دکن میں ہوئی ہے۔ اردو کی پہلی داستان "سب رس" مانی جاتی ہے۔ اس کا مصنف ملا وجہی ہے۔ "سب رس" اردو کی مقبول ترین تمثیلی داستان ہے۔ اس میں حسن و عشق کی کشمکش اور عشق اور دل کے معرکے کو قصے کی صورت میں پیش کیا گیا ہے۔" طوطی نامہ" یا طوطا کہانی دکنی نثر کا دوسرا اہم کارنامہ ہے یہ ایک ترجمہ ہے۔ لیکن اس کا مترجم نامعلوم ہے۔ "انوار سہیلی" کو عالمی ادب میں ایک اہم...

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Behavior of Bacterial Isolates from Different Clinical Samples at Nishtar Hospital Multan

The pathogenic bacteria are getting resistant to antibiotics is significantly growing in the developing countries of the world including Pakistan. The present study was designed to find the basic study on resistance among the patients coming to the Nishtar Hospital, Multan. The study was carried out in the Department of Pathology, Nishtar Hospital, Multan. Total 387 clinical samples of urine, pus, high vaginal swab (HVS) and wound were surveyed for the existence of Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. For these bacterial isolates, antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed. E. Coli was the most prevalent isolates followed by Staphylococcus aureusand Pseudomonas. E. Coli was predominated in urine, pus, HVS and wound specimens. Occurance of Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, Candida and Pseudomonas were 7.9 %, 3.9 %, 14.7 % and 1.4 % respectively among the clinical specimens. E. Coli shows highest resistance to Linezolid (98.3%) followed by Ceftrizone (90.8%), Sulfamethoxazole + Trimethoprim (85%), Moxifloxacin (82.5%). High frequency of resistance specifies that there is an unremitting requirement of surveillance of resistance behaviour of antimicrobial agents in our study is to investigate the trend of this problem.

Formulation Characterization and Non-Invasive In-Vivo Evaluation of Dermocosmetic Emulgels Containing Various Fruit Extracts

Natural plant derived phytoconstituents with appreciable antioxidant activity have gained sufficient interest in cosmetic and dermatology for various clinical and aesthetic purposes. Various skin related disorders such as acne, inflammation, hyper-pigmentary disorders, sunburn, photoaging, melisma, and dry skin conditions are now becoming a point of focus to be treated with natural ingredients based topical formulations because of lower risk of adverse effects. In this research project bioactive, polyphenolic, antioxidant enriched fruit extracts from Diospyros Kaki (Persimmon), Manilkara Zapota (Cheeku) and Grewia Asiatica (phalsa) were evaluated for their anti-oxidant activities using DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were estimated quantitatively. HPLC analysis was carried out for qualitative and quantitative analysis of polyphenols present in these extract samples. Finally, after phytochemical screening these fruit extract (10%) were loaded into topical emulgel formulations. The formulated emulgels (including active test formulations and respective control) were subjected to various stress storage conditions i.e. 8°C, 25°C, 40°C and 40°C+75%RH for a time period of 12 weeks, for evaluation of their physicochemical stability in terms of any change in colour, odour, consistency, pH, electrical conductivity, liquefaction, phase separation, and rheological attributes. Non-invasive In-vivo evaluation was performed using biophysical methods to evaluate the effects of active test formulations on various skin parameters such as melanin levels, erythema levels, moisture contents, sebum contents and facial skin elasticity. Surface evaluation of living skin was performed to estimate any variation in skin microreleif parameters such as scaliness, smoothness & wrinkles after treatment with active test formulation and respective control for a period of 90-days. Similarly, mean percent changes in porphyrin area, porphyrin count, porphyrin average intensity, number and area of fine and large facial skin pores was observed to elucidate and compare the effects of treatment with active test formulation to that of control. Sun protection factor was determined for formulated test and control formulations and their physical remanance on the skin was studied. Whole experimental work was carried out using single blinded, split face study design in three groups (Group-1, Group-2 and Group-3) with 13 male volunteers in each group. Results were analysed for their statistical significance using two way ANOVA and paired sample t-test. Antioxidant activities of Persimmon, Cheeku and Phalsa fruit extract were 79% ± 2.54, 82% ± 1.84 and 86% ± 1.03 respectively. Active test formulation loaded with Persimmon, Cheeku and Phalsa fruit extract and control exhibited optimum pH, electrical conductivity, and rheological attributes with good physical stability for a period of 3-months at accelerated stability storage conditions. The active test formulation EG-1, EG-2 and EG-3 produced significant (P≤0.05) while control exhibited insignificant (P>0.05) effects on melanin, erythema, sebum, elasticity, porphyrin area (%), porphyrin count and porphyrin average intensity, area and number of fine and large pores with respect to time. In case of moisture contents, active test formulations and control produced significant effects (P≤0.05), however the effect produced by active test formulation were much higher in magnitude. The active test formulation showed significant effects on skin scaliness, skin smoothness, and skin wrinkles while control produced insignificant effects with respect to time. Fruit extracts and active test formulations were shown to possess sufficient sunscreen activity and physical remanance on the skin as revealed by in-vitro spectrophotometric method and in-vivo biophysical technique. Moreover, the formulated active test emulgels were capable to quench both UVA and UVB radiations. Based on the findings of recent study it can be concluded that emulgels can be a stable, safe & cost-effective carrier system for transdermal delivery of antioxidant enriched extracts from Persimmon, Cheeku and Phalsa fruits. Moreover, formulated emulgels produced significant effects on various studied facial skin parameters by using non-invasive in-vivo biophysical techniques. Hence, it can safely be stated that these fruits can be used alone or in combination with other cosmetic ingredients to unveil their maximum beneficial potential for mankind.
Institute