Islamic Perspective of Governance and Judiciary: A Literature Review

The aim of this research is to accumulate the literature related to an Islamic ideology for two of the basic components of a State, Governance and Judiciary; both have a strong impact on society. Pakistan is an Islamic ideological state, the only Islamic rule created on the name of religion after the state established by the Prophet Muhammad (Peace be Upon Him) in Medina. Its constitution and the style of governance should have its foundation based upon the principles of Islam; this is the main concept behind the creation of “Islamic Republic of Pakistan”. The paper will review some of the basic requirements for an administrative system to be qualified as Islamic way of governance and the judicial system in Islam includes the formulation of a comprehensive ideology of human equality and justice; the creation of a powerful incentive to adopt this ideology; and to establish a living example of equality and justice at all levels of life by defining the Islamic Judicial System & Its Legal Basis. Different Quranic verses, sayings and acts of Muslim jurists in this perspective are also studied. The paper has literature review in two major parts, first we will cover governance and Islam along with some basic terminologies from Islamic point of view and in the later part Judiciary, the concept of Justice and Judicial system in Islam will be discussed.

Improving the Teaching of Writing Narratives at Lower Secondary Level in Private School of Karachi

This study aims to improve the teaching of writing narratives in an English language classroom. By using a qualitative method and a collaborative action research, the study was conducted in a private school in Karachi, Pakistan. In this study, the primary research participant was an English language teacher who was teaching English language at lower secondary level. There were five students who were the secondary research participants of the study. Their work was analyzed to see whether there was any improvement in their written narratives that was taught by both researcher and the research participant. In our English language classrooms, teaching of writing is done in a very traditional manner where teachers focus to product rather than the process of the writing. Teachers do not pay attention on writing and rewriting in order to improve the children's work. Mostly, the first draft of children's work is considered as final draft. Children encounter problems while writing because they are not provided with opportunities to develop their writing skills and they are often asked to write about topics which are not relevant to their lives. Thus, writing is best learnt in a natural setting with topics that are pertinent to their lives. Teachers need to provide a variety of experiences to children while teaching writing skills. The purpose of the study was to improve a teacher's teaching of writing narratives and to guide him/her to introduce above motioned strategy to make a shift from product to process of writing and thus, transform students into independent writers. For this study, reflective journal, observations and interviews were used to collect data. The teaching of writing narratives was found to be a useful activity as it builds practical and theoretical knowledge of the research participant. It was found that children best learnt to write when they are asked to write about topics that are relevant to their lives. Another observation was that the use of scenario to motivate children to write is less effective because it limits their creativity and they end up producing similar kind of texts. The use of writing frameworks and the steps of PA facilitate the teaching and learning of writing skills in an English language classroom. Furthermore, this study is significant for ELT in the context of Pakistan where writing, in English, is regarded as the most difficult skill among other teaching language skills. The finding of this study will