Persecution of Press in Sindh: Case Study of Al-Waheed and Watan Newspapers during Political Movements, 1920-22

The purpose of this research was to study the persecution of press in Sindh during the currency of Pan-Indian political movements known as Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movements, during 1920-22. In this regard the case study of two popular newspapers, Al-Waheed and Watan, were conducted to understand the mechanism of monitoring and controlling the newspapers in Sindh by the colonial rulers. The study explores the political landscape of Sindh in particular and India in general during those turbulent times as well as examines the state of journalism in the province at that time. With the help of the case study of two popular newspapers, the study highlights the mechanism adopted by the colonial government for monitoring and controlling the press in Sindh. In this regard the archival official records as well as translations of the critical articles published in those newspapers were accessed at the India Office Records (IOR) section of British Library, London. The methodology adopted for the current study mainly comprised historical, analytical and content analysis. The study concludes that the press in Sindh faced severe hardships at the hands of the British government through a coercive mechanism with active involvement and concurrence of all the capitals of Sindh’s governance, i.e. Karachi, Bombay, Delhi and London. The study is first of its kind that highlights the role played and sacrifices rendered by press in Sindh for the freedom of press during colonial rule in 192022. ______

Diversity of Bombus Species Apidae: Hymenoptera and Utilization of Food Resources in Northern Pakistan

In agricultural habitat 10 bumblebee species were recorded. Of which 68.62% bumblebees were dominated by five species viz., B. asiaticus, B. melanurus, B. rufofasciatus, B. semenovianus and B. tunicatus. B. asiaticusatus, B. semenovianus, B. rufofasciatus, B. melanurus, B. avinoviellus, B. kashmirensis, B. subtypicus, B. haemorrhoidalis and B. himalayanus were encountered abundantly. However, in non- agricultural habitat 13 bumblebee species were recorded and more than 50% bumblebees were dominated by four species viz., B. asiaticus, B. avinoviellus, B. biroi and B. haemorrhoidalis. Significant variations were observed in the species richness of non- agricultural habitat but none in case of abundance at habitat level. However, same was true in case of non-cropped area as compared to cropped area in agricultural habitat which reflected the importance of non-cropped area as a refuge area for the development of bumblebee colonies which ultimately play a vital role in the pollination of crops, increasing their quality and quantity. Trifolium alexandrinum. Medicago sativa and Solanum tuberosum were the important only plant species which were visited by all bumblebee species in the cropped area. Cana indica, Centaurea cyanus, Cirsium sp., Dahlia x hybrid, Delphinium brunonianum, Geranium spp., Lonicera periclymenum, Prunella vulgaris, Ranunculus sp., Rosa spp., Rosa webbiana and Stachys spp were recorded in non cropped area. Similarly, the Impatiens spp. attracted significantly maximum bumblebees followed by Centaurea cyanus, Ranunculus sp., Artemisia dracunculus and Tamarix gaelic in non agricultural habitat. Forage species separated in to two conspicuous groups depending upon their utilization by bumblebees as a short and long- tongued bumblebees. Long- tongued bumblebees (B. haemorrhoidalis, B. asiaticus and B. melanuorus) were only attracted to Ranunculus sp., Raphanus raphanistrum, Centaurea cyanus, Prunella vulgaris, Cana indica, Stachys spp., Cirsium sp., Trifolium pretense, Delphinium brunonianum and Lonicera periclymenum. However, strong winds hindered the foraging activities of B. avinoviellus and B. biroi especially at Naltar.