ABSTRACT: Banks charge fee on saving and current accounts or downgrade them when the balance drops below a threshold point. This could be justified in conventional banking on pure business grounds; however, it is an issue of concern in Islamic banking because of the underlying Shari’a (Islamic Law) issues in this practice. While some Islamic banks charge incidental fees, as practiced by conventional banks, on accounts with low balances, others simply stop paying profits on such savings accounts and some even downgrade them by stopping some of the free sendees. This conceptual paper addresses the Shari'a aspect of such practices in Islamic banking. The paper first presents a broader picture of Islamic banks’ practices in relation to this issue and then explores relevant Shari'a principles. The current market practices are then analyzed in light of Shari’a principles. The findings reveal that imposing restrictions/ charges on low-balance savings and current accounts are against the basic tenets ofShari’a principles. The implications of the paper are twofold. Firstly, it opens up a whole new dimension of literature in the field of Islamic banking by instigating an important untouched area. Secondly, it strongly recommends that Islamic banks reconsider their practices in this regard in order to stay viable in the long run. The paper also gives alternative recommendations for addressing the problem in a Shari’a compliant way
The aim of present study was to identify the various pharmacognostic and pharmacological properties of herbal plants by employing different analytical techniques, which are used traditionally for the cure of ailments. Powder drug of rhizomes of A. calamus produced different color and solubility when treated with different solvents. Phytochemical screening of A. calamus was positive for the presence of Alkaloids, Terpinoids, Anthraquinones, Saponins, Carbohydrates, Glycosides, Coumarins Tannins and phenolic compounds, Flavonoids, Triterpenoids and steroids and Phalbotannins. Infra-Red Spectroscopy of A. calamus displayed the presence of alcohols, phenols, alkanes, α, β-unsaturated aldehydes, ketone, nitro compounds, aliphatic amines, carboxylic acids and alkyl halide groups. Crude methanolic extract of A. calamus showed significant inhibition in number of writhes. Significant decrease in number of writhes in acetic acid induced writhing at the dose of 500mg/kg was observed. For this experiment we had used (Albino) mices and methanolic extract of roots and rhizomes was used at 100, 300 and 500mg / kg doses. Whereas 0.5ml of normal saline was used for control group and Aspirin 300mg / kg was used as standard drug. Crude methanolic extract of A. calamus at the dose of 500mg / kg showed 31.2+ 1.689 writhes, whereas Aspirin showed 29.6+ 0.601 writhes. A. calamus crude methanolic extract showed significant results in formalin test, decrease in number of licking and time spent on licking and biting in both phases at the dose of 500 mg/kg was observed in formalin test. For this experiment we had used (Albino) mices and crude methanolic extract of roots and rhizomes was used at 300 and 500mg/kg doses. Whereas 0.5ml of normal saline was used for control group and Aspirin 300mg/kg was used as standard drug. During first half of the experiment at the dose of 500mg/kg, number of licking and biting were 22.0± 1.051 and time spent on licking was 37.2± 0.665 seconds and in second half number of licking and biting were 21.8±1.07 and time spent on licking and biting was 50.0± 1.584. Aspirin at the dose 300mg/kg in first half number of licking and biting were 20.8± 0.972 and time spent on licking and biting was 33.6± 1.032 and in second half number of licking and biting were 18.4± 0.874 and time spent on licking and biting was 30.0± 0.448. From the above results it is revealed that crude methanolic extract of A. calamus at 500mg /kg dose has excellent analgesic and anti inflammatory properties. Gross behavior profile of A. calamus was observed for the emotional stress which showed anti depressant behavior after oral administration of extract of different strengths. Exploratory activities of A. calamus showed anti depressant effect as results shows significant decrease in open field, cage crossing and rearing tests. A. calamus showed sedative effect as decrease in Head dip test, light and dark test and traction test. For exploratory activities we had used Albino mice, crude methanolic extract of roots and rhizomes were used at 100, 300 and 500mg / kg doses as test dose. Diazepam, 2mg/kg is used as standard drug while 0.5ml normal saline was used for control group. Following results were obtained when 100mg / kg dose of A. calamus is given, open field (194.00+ 0.707), cage crossing (32.2 + 0.734), rearing (29.2+ 0.86) head dip (35.80+ 2.537), traction (13.6+ 0.509), in light and dark test the result was (2.20+ 0.05) in light, while (7.40 + 0.05) in dark. At a dose of 300mg / kg dose of A. calamus shows these results, in open field (156.0+ 1.581), cage crossing (25.6+ 3.613), rearing (26.2+ 1.356) head dip (31.2+ 0.86), traction (10.6+ 0.509), in light and dark test the result was (2.06+ 0.11) in light, while (7.54+ 0.11) in dark. At a dose of 500mg / kg dose of A. calamus shows these results, in open field (121.6+ 0.812), cage crossing (21.8+ 0.461), rearing (17.8+ 0.374) head dip (27.0+ 0.707), traction (8.2+ 0.374), in light and dark test the result was (1.50+ 0.08) in light, while (8.10+ 0.08) in dark. Diazepam (2mg/kg), showed these results in open field (99.0+ 5.531), cage crossing (8.2+ 0.374), rearing (10.2+ 0.583) head dip (17.6+ 0.748), traction (15.2+ 0.663), in light and dark test the result was (1.10+ 0.09) in light, while (8.50+ 0.09) in dark compartment. In forced swimming test animals showed decrease in immobility time. For this activity crude methanolic extract of root and rhizomes at doses of 100, 300 and 500mg/kg were used as test dose, whereas 0.5ml normal saline is used for control group while Diazepam 2mg/kg was used as standard drug. At the end of experiment following results were obtained, at test dose of 100, 300 and 500mg /kg mobility time was 4.20+ 0.02, 4.50+ 0.06 and 5.20+ 0.13 respectively. At same test dose immobility time was 1.40+ 0.02, 1.10+ 0.06 and 0.40+ 0.13 respectively. Standard drug (diazepam) at the dose of 2mg/kg gives 1.10+ 0.05 mobility time and immobility time was 4.50+ 0.05. Decrease in immobility time shows the anti depressant effects. In Sodium pentothal induced sleeping time activity, Albino rats were used as testing animals. Crude methanolic extract of A. calamus was used in a dose of 300 and 500mg /kg as test dose, 0.5ml normal saline is used for control group while Diazepam 1mg /kg was used as standard drug. At 300 and 500mg /kg dose the onset of sleep was 5.128± 1.127 and 4.4± 0.1 and duration of sleep was 67.0± 0.709 and 83.8± 0.665 respectively. When diazepam is used the onset of sleep was 2.48± 0.116 and duration of sleep was 95.8± 0.862. Decrease in onset of sleeping time and an increase in sleeping time shows anxiolytic action of the extract. Powder drug of whole plant of A. absinthium produced different color and solubility when treated with different solvents. Phytochemical screening of A. absinthium was positive for the presence of Terpinoids, Anthraquinones, Saponins, Carbohydrates, Glycosides, Tannins and phenolic compounds, Flavonoids, Triterpenoids and steroids and Phalbotannins. Infra-Red Spectroscopy of A. absinthium exhibited the presence of alkyl group, methyl group, alcohol, ether, ester, carboxylic acid, anhydrides, imines and deoxyribose groups. Crude methanolic extract of A. absinthium showed dose dependant inhibition in number of writhes. Significant decrease in number of writhes in acetic acid induced writhing at the dose of 500mg/kg was observed. For this experiment we had used (Albino) mices and crude methanolic extract of whole plant was used at 100, 300 and 500mg/kg doses. Whereas 0.5ml of normal saline was used for control group and Aspirin 300mg/kg was used as standard drug. Crude methanolic extract of A. absinthium at the dose of 500mg/kg showed 34.2+ 1.466 writhes, whereas Aspirin showed 26.0+ 0.951 writhes. A. absinthium crude methanolic extract showed significant results in formalin test, decrease in number of licking and time spent on licking and biting in both phases at the dose of 500mg/kg was observed in formalin test. For this experiment we had used (Albino) mice and crude methanolic extract of whole plant was used at 300 and 500mg/kg doses. Whereas 0.5ml of normal saline was used for control group and Aspirin 300mg/kg was used as standard drug. During first half of the experiment at the dose of 500mg/kg, number of licking and biting were 26.2± 1.125 and time spent on licking was 36.2± 0.802 seconds and in second half number of licking and biting were 20.6± 0.982 and time spent on licking and biting was 30.4± 1.032. Aspirin at the dose 300mg/kg in first half number of licking and biting were 21.8± 0.972 and time spent on licking and biting was 30.8± 1.244 and in second half number of licking and biting were 17.2± 0.862 and time spent on licking and biting was 31.0± 1.707. From the above results it is revealed that crude methanolic extract of A. absinthium at 500mg /kg dose has excellent analgesic and anti inflammatory properties. Gross behavior profile of A. absinthium was observed for the emotional stress which showed anti depressant behavior after oral administration of extract of different strengths. Exploratory activities of A. absinthium showed anti depressant effect as results shows significant increase in open field and cage crossing. A. absinthium showed sedative effect as decrease in Head dip test, rearing, light and dark test and traction test. Decrease in immobility time shows the anti depressant effects. Decrease in onset of sleeping time and an increase in sleeping time shows anxiolytic action of the extract. For exploratory activities we had used Albino mice, crude methanolic extract of whole plant was used at 100, 300 and 500mg/kg doses as test dose. Diazepam, 2mg/kg is used as standard drug while 0.5ml normal saline was used for control group. Following results were obtained when 100mg/kg dose of A. absinthium is given, open field (176.6+ 1.077), cage crossing (33.2+ 1.24), rearing (25.8+ 0.8) head dip (36.2+ 0.374), traction (13.2+ 0.663), in light and dark test the result was (2.30+ 0.05) in light, while (7.30+ 0.05) in dark. At a dose of 300mg/kg dose of A. absinthium shows these results, in open field (192.2+ 1.029), cage crossing (31.6+ 0.509), rearing (21.6+ 0.509) head dip (31.6+ 0.678), traction (10.4+ 0.509), in light and dark test the result was (2.14+ 0.10) in light, while (7.46+ 0.10) in dark. At a dose of 500mg/kg dose of A. absinthium shows these results, in open field (123.0+ 0.707), cage crossing (20.6+ 0.509), rearing (18.4+ 1.02) head dip (28.8+ 1.714), traction (8.6+ 0.044), in light and dark test the result was (2.00 +0.07) in light, while (8.00+ 0.07) in dark. Diazepam (2mg /kg), showed these results in open field (94.6+ 3.414), cage crossing (9.6 + 0.244), rearing (9.2+ 0.86) head dip (17.8+ 0.663), traction (10.6+ 0.509), in light and dark test the result was (1.20+ 0.06) in light, while (8.40+ 0.06) in dark compartment. In forced swimming test animals showed decrease in immobility time. For this activity crude methanolic extract of whole plant at doses of 100, 300 and 500mg/kg were used as test dose, whereas 0.5ml normal saline is used for control group while Diazepam 2mg/kg was used as standard drug. At the end of experiment following results were obtained, at test dose of 100, 300 and 500mg/kg mobility time was 3.50+ 0.02, 4.10+ 0.06 and 4.30+ 0.13 respectively. At same test dose immobility time was 2.10+ 0.02, 1.50+ 0.06 and 1.30+ 0.1 respectively. Standard drug (diazepam) at the dose of 2mg/kg gives 1.26+ 0.04 mobility time and immobility time was 4.34+ 0.04. Decrease in immobility time shows the anti depressant effects. In Sodium pentothal induced sleeping time activity, Albino rats were used as testing animals. Crude methanolic extract of A. absinthium was used in a dose of 300 and 500mg/ kg as test dose, 0.5ml normal saline is used for control group while Diazepam 1mg /kg was used as standard drug. At 300 and 500mg/kg dose the onset of sleep was 7.054± 0.019 and 4.76± 0.051 and duration of sleep was 74.2± 1.16 and 93.6± 1.032 respectively. When diazepam is used the onset of sleep was 3.42± 0.058 and duration of sleep was 116.6± 3.394. Decrease in onset of sleeping time and an increase in sleeping time shows anxiolytic action of the extract. Powder drug of roots of B. himalaica produced different color and solubility when treated with different solvents. Phytochemical screening of B. himalaica was positive for the presence of terpenoids, anthraquinones, triterpenoids and steroids, saponins, glycosides, tannins and phenolic compounds, flavonoids and phlobatannins. Infra-Red Spectroscopy of B. himalaica confirmed the presence of amines, alkanes, α, β- unsaturated aldehydes, ketone, nitro compounds, alkenes, aromatics and alkyl halide groups. Crude methanolic extract of B. himalaica showed significant decrease in number of writhes. This result was significant at the dose of 500mg/kg. For this experiment we had used (Albino) mice and crude methanolic extract of roots at 100, 300 and 500mg/kg doses. Whereas 0.5ml of normal saline was used for control group and Aspirin 300mg/kg was used as standard drug. Crude methanolic extract of B. himalaica at the dose of 500mg/kg showed 34.06+ 1.584 writhes, whereas Aspirin showed 24.2+ 0.375 writhes. Crude methanolic extract of B. himalaica showed decrease in number of licking and time spent on licking and biting in both phases at the dose of 500 mg/kg. This reflects the anti nociceptive effects of B. himalaica. Crude methanolic extract of B. himalaica showed significant results in formalin test, decrease in number of licking and time spent on licking and biting in both phases at the dose of 500mg/kg was observed in formalin test. For this experiment we had used (Albino) mice and crude methanolic extract of whole plant was used at 300 and 500mg/kg doses. Whereas 0.5ml of normal saline was used for control group and Aspirin 300mg/kg was used as standard drug. During first half of the experiment at the dose of 500mg/kg, number of licking and biting were 26.2± 0.375 and time spent on licking was 36.0± 0.709 seconds and in second half number of licking and biting were 21.4± 0.68 and time spent on licking and biting was 31.8± 0.802. Aspirin at the dose 300mg/kg in first half number of licking and biting were 19.8± 0.736 and time spent on licking and biting was 27.4± 0.75and in second half number of licking and biting were 18.6± 1.211 and time spent on licking and biting was 29.2± 1.719. From the above results it is revealed that crude methanolic extract of B. himalaica at 500mg/kg dose has excellent analgesic and anti inflammatory properties. Gross behavior profile of B. himalaica was observed to evaluate the aggressive or isolated behavior in mice, a positive attitude was observed among mice upon administration of crude extract at 300 & 500mg/kg doses. Exploratory activities of B. himalaica showed anti depressant effect as results shows significant decrease in open field, cage crossing and rearing tests. B. himalaica showed sedative effect as decrease in Head dip test, light and dark test, traction time test. Decrease in immobility time shows the anti depressant effects. For exploratory activities we had used Albino mice, crude methanolic extract of whole plant was used at 100, 300 and 500mg/kg doses as test dose. Diazepam, 2mg/kg is used as standard drug while 0.5ml normal saline was used for control group. Following results were obtained when 100mg/kg dose of B. himalaica is given, open field (171.2+ 0.583), cage crossing (29.2+ 0.86), rearing (26.0+ 3.178) head dip (35.0+ 1.923), traction (13.2+ 0.374), in light and dark test the result was (2.39+ 0.1) in light, while (7.21+ 0.01) in dark. At a dose of 300mg/kg dose of B. himalaica shows these results, in open field (152.2+ 0.86), cage crossing (25.4+ 0.509), rearing (22.0 + 0.316) head dip (30.6+ 0.509), traction (10.2+ 0.374), in light and dark test the result was (2.23 + 0.15) in light, while (7.37+ 0.15) in dark. At a dose of 500mg/kg of B. himalaica shows these results, in open field (109.0+ 0.707), cage crossing (20.8+ 0.583), rearing (17.0+ 0.316) head dip (26.4+ 0.678), traction (8.0+ 0.447), in light and dark test the result was (2.10+ 0.07) in light, while (7.50+ 0.1) in dark. Diazepam (2mg/kg), showed these results in open field (95.6+ 1.363), cage crossing (10.4+ 0.927), rearing (8.8+ 0.374) head dip (16.4+ 0.509), traction (7.8+ 0.509), in light and dark test the result was (1.05+ 0.08) in light, while (8.55+ 0.08) in dark compartment. Decrease in immobility time shows the anti depressant effects. Decrease in onset of sleeping time and an increase in sleeping time shows anxiolytic action of the extract. In Sodium pentothal induced sleeping time activity, Albino rats were used as testing animals. Crude methanolic extract of B. himalaica was used in a dose of 300 and 500mg/kg as test dose, 0.5ml normal saline is used for control group while Diazepam 1mg /kg was used as standard drug. At 300 and 500mg/kg dose the onset of sleep was 7.96± 0.103 & 6.1± 0.054 and duration of sleep was 73.0± 1.002 and 96.0± 0.709 respectively. When diazepam is used the onset of sleep was 4.32+ 0.086 and duration of sleep was 111.0+ 2.633. In Sodium pentothal sleep inducing time activity, decrease in onset of sleeping time and an increase in sleeping time shows anxiolytic action of the extract." xml:lang="en_US