5. Al-Ma’idah /The Feast
I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
05:01
O The Faithful!
Fulfill your obligations.
The meat of all cattle of the domestic livestock is made lawful for you to consume except that have been described to you as unlawful,
except hunting of wild game is unlawful while you are in a state of sanctity/Ihram for the Hajj or Umrah.
Indeed, Allah - the One and Only God - decrees whatever HE wants.
05:02
O The Faithful!
Do not violate the sanctity of the Symbols of Allah:
the Sacred Months of Hajj, and
sacrificial offerings, and
the garlands placed around the necks of sacrificial cattle.
And do not prevent those who are going to the Sacred House of Ka’bah seeking favor from their Rabb- The Lord and HIS Grace.
Once you are out of the state of sanctity/Ihram for the Hajj, then you may hunt wild game.
Do not let your hatred of some people, who once barred you from the Grand Sacred Masjid, provoke you to violence or aggression against them.
Instead, help one another in virtue and piety,
and do not help one another in sinfulness and hostility, acts of disobedience, and overstepping the limits set by Allah.
Fear Allah!
Surely Allah is Severe in punishment.
05:03
It is unlawful for you to consume and use its products:
the meat of dead animals, and
the blood, and
the pig’s meat, and
the meat of all cattle dedicated to any entity other than Allah, and
the flesh of the animals strangled to death, and
the one beaten to death violently, and
the one strangled to death, and
...
Codification is the creation of codes, the compilation of written statues, rules, and regulations that inform the public of the acceptable and the unacceptable behaviour. Muslim jurists had differed in their opinion of codification of Islamic laws; some supported the idea, while the others opposed it. However, in the contemporary global situation, Muslim scholars are emphasizing the importance of codification of Islamic laws and efforts have been initiated in many Muslim countries to codify them. In the current paper, the evolution of Muslim Family Laws of Pakistan and Malaysia has been comparatively studied. Malaysia has been selected due to its technological and economic advancement among the Muslim countries. Malaysia serves as an example in the modem codification of Islamic Laws. In Pakistan, Criminal and Penal Laws are codified while the Muslim Family Laws have not been codified and left scattered in various acts, ordinances and court decisions. The Malaysian Family Law are codified in one volume and enacted after necessary legislation through an act of the parliament. The objective of this comparative evolutionary study is to provide a practical model for the Islamization and codification of Muslim Family Laws in Pakistan.
In this thesis, the use of adaptive optics to exercise control over the fundamental TEM00 Gaussian laser beam is employed for applications in optical metrology and photonic signal processing. Split into two parts, this treatise explores the use of adaptive optics to introduce novel design solutions in both of these important areas of optics. Two novel designs of motionless Variable Optical Delay Lines (VODLs) are proposed with the respective proof-of-concept implementations. The first VODL design employs multiple Electronically Controlled Tunable Lenses (ECTLs) to vary the optical path of a beam between two fixed locations. The design provides a repeatable digitally controlled short variable signal delay as well as a small signal delay step size for short delay measurements. The second Variable Fiber-Optic Delay Line (VFODL) design imparts long variable delays by switching an input optical/RF signal between Single Mode Fiber (SMF) patch chords of different lengths through a pair of Electronically Controlled Tunable Lenses (ECTLs) resulting in polarization independent operation. Moreover, two laser rangefinder designs are also proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Various existing target ranging techniques are limited in terms of the dynamic range of operation and measurement resolution. These limitations arise as a result of a particular measurement methodology, the finite processing capability of the hardware components deployed within the sensor module and the medium through which the target is viewed. Generally, there is a trade-off between the sensor resolution and dynamic range. First, we propose a novel design of a triangulation-based optical rangefinder which improves both the sensor longitudinal resolution and its dynamic longitudinal range through adaptive electronic control of beam propagation parameters. We present the theory iii and working of the proposed sensor and clearly demonstrate a longitudinal range and resolution improvement. The second divergence-based displacement sensor design works by tuning the spot size of a Gaussian Beam from a Laser Source (LS) at the plane of the target. The beam spot size tuning is achieved through the use of an Electronically Controlled Tunable Lens (ECTL). Using a carefully aligned sensor assembly, the corresponding beam diameters are recorded at the plane of an imaging detector for different ECTL focal length settings. This dataset is then used to estimate the distance of the target from the ECTL. The proposed rangefinder is compact, requires minimal data acquisition and processing resulting in a fast response time compared to its predecessor. The estimation of target distance through a measurement dataset also ensures that the proposed method is robust to errors associated with estimates which are based on the use of a single measurement data point. Experimental results demonstrate an excellent agreement with theory.