راز کیسے ہیں کہ جو دل پہ عیاں ہوتے ہیں
نعت لکھتا ہوں تو پھر اشک رواں ہوتے ہیں
گنگ لفظوں کی قطاریں سی لگی رہتی ہیں
جذبے آنکھوں کی وساطت سے بیاں ہوتے ہیں
کعبۂ جاں میں تواتر سے صدا گونجتی ہے
یوں بلالِ حبشیؓ محوِ اذاں ہوتے ہیں
کارِ دُنیا میں اُلجھنے سے یہ احساس ہوا
ذکِر طیبہ کے بنا لمحے گراں ہوتے ہیں
باریابی کا شرف ملتا ہے درویشوں کو
اُنؐ کی چوکھٹ پہ کھڑے کتنے شہاں ہوتے ہیں
اپنی جانوں سے ہے ناموسِ رسالتؐ بڑھ کر
اُنؐ پہ قربان سبھی خرد و کلاں ہوتے ہیں
ہم گنہگار سہی آپؐ کی اُمت میں ہیں
بات ایسی ہے کہ ایسے بھی کہاں ہوتے ہیں
The following research examines economic growth potential from the perspective of globalization for Pakistan. The empirical results are estimated using the ARDL model over the period 1970 to 2018. The study reports the time before and after the openness to the world. The country opened up its borders quite late in the 80s. The results demonstrate that, in the short term, globalization negatively affects economic growth, but that, in the long run, it boosts economic growth. Globalization has assisted Pakistan's economic progress since the country opened its borders and economy to the rest of the world, but not to too much extent, what it could. Furthermore, research findings demonstrate that government spending and physical capital improve economic growth, however, inflation has a detrimental impact on Pakistan's economic growth.
The present study was designed to remove five different direct dyes (Direct Violet 51, Indosol Turquoise FBL, Indosol Black NF, Indosol Yellow BG and Indosol Orange RSN) from aqueous solutions by using agro-industrial waste materials (sugarcane bagasse, peanut husk, corn cobs, cotton sticks and sunflower) in batch and column mode. The batch mode study was performed to compare the biosorption potential of native, pretreated and immobilized forms of biosorbents for the removal of direct dyes. Important process parameters like pH, contact time, biosorbent dose, initial dye concentration and temperature were optimized during batch experiments. The results revealed that low pH, low biosorbent dose and low temperature were the feasible conditions for maximum removal of dyes. The pretreated form of biosorbents depicted highest biosorption capacity (39.6 mg/g for Direct Violet 51, 65.09 mg/g for Indosol Turquoise FBL, 89.6 mg/g for Indosol Black NF, 79.5 mg/g for Indosol Yellow BG and 79.7 mg/g for Indosol Orange RSN) as compare to native and immobilized form of biosorbents. The experimental data of all the five dyes was subjected to different kinetic models and pseudo-second order kinetic model was found to be best fit on the experimental results. Different equilibrium isotherms were applied on the data to explain the mechanism of biosorption and Langmuir adsorption isotherm model fitted very well on the experimental results for all the dyes. Thermodynamic study showed that biosorption process was feasible at lower temperatures as indicated by lower values of ∆G. The negative values of ∆H indicated that biosorption process was exothermic in nature. The column mode experiments were conducted to optimize the bed height, flow rate and initial dye concentration. Higher bed heights, lower flow rates and higher initial dye concentrations were found to be favorable conditions for maximum dye removal in column mode study. Box-Behnken experimental design was used to investigate the main and interaction effects of three important parameters like initial dye concentration, biosorbent dose and pH on the removal of direct dyes and results were analyzed by ANOVA and p-values. The biosorption process was also applied on the real textile effluents for the efficient removal of COD. Characterization of biosorbents was carried out by FT-IR and SEM analysis. The results revealed that agricultural waste materials have high biosorption capacities for the removal of dyes from wastewaters.