ا حتساب اور احتساب بیوروکا تصور سیرت النبی ﷺ کے تناظر میں اجمالی جائزہ

The system of accountability is essential for the stability and development of any state. The department of accountability helps the Govt to evaluate the performance of its officer in order to block the way of corruption, dishonesty, and misuse of powers.  Holy Prophet (ﷺ) introduced a new department for accountability and said that his pledge is the best time for accountability and named his era khayr-ul-quroon. These departments are legislators, judiciary, and administration. The institutions of accountability are summoned today as the Accountability Bureau. The aim of these institutions was to do work for the welfare of mankind and save humanity from the oppression of human beings. At an early age, these institutions were nominated as Dewan al-Ahtsab, Dewan- al-Mazloum. In Khilafat Rashida, many institutions were built on these concepts, and the Muslim ruler who came after them gave a complete system of Accountability.  Later on, the names of these institutions were changed, but the aims of these institutions remained the same. This article explains the establishment of different types of accountability institutions in the era of the Holy Prophetﷺ and His companions and their function.

Accumulation of Toxic Metals Chromium and Cadmium in Relation to Body Size and Condition Factor of Wild Eutropiichthys Vacha from Indus River, Taunsa Barrage, Southern Punjab, Pakistan

Fish is primary protein source for human being in the world. Heavy metal contamination is producing destructive change in histology and morphology of fishes. It decreases growth and development and increases mortality rate. A total of 41 fish(Eutropiithys vacha) specimens were captured from River Indus, Head Tounsa, during October2016 to check the effect of heavy metal in the fish by Atomic Absorption spectrometry. Cadmium in E. vacha showed highly significant positive correlation with wet weight of body and body burden with the value of (r=0.829). While, concentration of chromium showed significant positive correlation with wet weight of the body and body burden with the value of (r=0.480) in E. vacha. Fish cadmium concentration showed highly significant positive correlation with totalbody length relation to the concentration of elements. Total length of body with cadmium were highly significant with (r=0.739), while the chromium showed a significance (P<0.01) correlation with total length and burden element of body with the value of (r=0.413). Condition factor for E. vacha range from 0.447 to 0.930. Cadmium (r= 0.330) in fish shows least significant value while chromium (r=0.172) have non-significant correlation with that of condition factor in relation to element concentration. Cadmium (r= 0.289) and Chromium (r= 0.289) shows non-significant relationship, when correlated or interelemental relationship with one another in wet body weight of E.vacha (in wet weight of body).