خاندانی تعلقات میں نفقہ کا اسلامی تصور

In human life, family relations are of basic importance. In the Islamic Law, the proportion of rights and obligations amongst the relatives is in accordance with human nature. The nature of relations amongst family members has been brought into light with Islamic and Natural perspectives. Amongst those rights and obligations, the responsibility for expense is of primary importance, because its clear understanding illustrates the reality of all the family relations which causes the positive effects on the whole society. In this article, by discussing the expense (rights and obligations) of relatives, the Islamic instructions, basic philosophy, general effects, necessity and its importance has been brought into light. All facts have been presented under two heads of expense (rights) of wife and expense (rights) of the relatives. But, in the light of Quran and Hadith, it has been agreed by all the Islamic Jurisprudents, upon the necessity/obligation/ compulsion of the right of expense for the relatives just like the right of expense for a wife. In this article and attempt has been made to clarify that, in a family setup, how much importance has to be given to the rights and duties/obligations of a wife?

Systematic Studies of Stored Grains Mites from Punjab, Pakistan

In the recent decades, the population of the world has been increased to a greater number that is why different problems relating to food quality and food scarcity are the subject of discussion in the modern era. The main problem is to feed such a large population with a good quality food but many factors cause hindrance in achieving this task. There are many factors that lower the food quality and damage its nutritional potential. Among these factors mite pests are of immense importance which inhibat various environment including stored grains, stored products, cultivated mushroom, house dust, pollens, mosses, litter and nest of different animals. Mites (Acarina: Arachnida) are microscopic and widely distributed throughout the world. Mites’ infestation decreases grains quality by changing the proportion of nutrients. Stored grain mites are also recognized as a source of allergens by inhalation in certain occupational environments and in the domestic environment. In order to check the species distribution from Punjab, identification is the key components to acquire better management. For this purpose various localities in different ecological zones including irrigated low land, semi-arid, sub humid eastern unirrigated and sub-mountain west were surveyed. For spot collection sieve method was used while the remaining samples had been processed through Berlese''s funnel, the hypopi thus collected were mounted permanently on glass slides by using Hoyer''s medium. In this present research work 24 species were collected. Among these 16 species are new to science and 8 species were already described of the genus Acotyledon Berlese viz. Acotyledon falki, tariqi, bellulus, stremma, haripuriensis, wazirabadensis, kamokiensis and peshawariensis. Among the new species 8 are belonging to Acotyledon Berlese, viz., cicero, multaniensis, Sarwari, haroonabadensis, augokiensis, veginus, tritici and chackwalensis; 4 species were belonging to the genus Caloglyphus Oudemans viz. pejowaliensis, sativum, jaranwalaensis and aurangensis; 1 species was belonging to genus Forcellinia Berlese viz. Chounawalaensis, 3 species was belonging to genus Histiostoma Kramer viz. mungus, balkasarensis and arshadi. Description, host range and distribution records of all these species are given in the following pages of this manuscript. Dendrograms of all the species from Pakistan in each genus are also prepared by using multivariate cluster analysis. The phenatic relationship of all known species from Pakistan has been worked out by cluster analysis using average linkage method and Euclidean distance by applying computer program Minitab.