حاجی اسرار احمد
ندوۃ المصنفین کے حلقۂ احباب کے لیے اس ماہ المناک سانحہ حاجی اسراراحمد صاحب کی وفات ہے۔اکتوبر۱۹۴۹ء کے آخری سفرکلکتہ میں حاجی صاحب مرحوم سے ملاقات ہوئی تھی اورمیں ان کواچھا خاصا تندرست چھوڑ کرآیا تھا۔ اب عزیزم مولوی سعید احمد کے خط سے اچانک ان کے انتقال کی خبر معلوم ہوئی۔یوں تو دنیا گذشتنی اورگذاشتنی ہے۔یہاں جوآتاہے اُسے ایک نہ ایک دن رخصت بھی ہوجانا پڑتا ہے۔آنے اورجانے کا یہ عمل جب سے دنیا قائم ہے برابر جاری ہے لیکن جانے والوں میں بعض ایسے ہوتے ہیں جواپنے کردار، اخلاق اورعمل کی وجہ سے ایک خاص مقام کے مالک بن جاتے ہیں پھر جب وہ قانون فطرت کے مطابق سفرآخرت اختیار کرلیتے ہیں تو جو جگہ انھوں نے اپنے لیے بنائی تھی وہ خالی محسوس ہونے لگتی ہے۔یہ خلاء رخصت ہوجانے والے کی شخصیت کو یاد دلاتا رہتاہے اوراُس کی مفارقت کااحساس لوگوں میں بڑھ جاتا ہے۔
حاجی اسراراحمد صاحب مرحوم بھی ایسے ہی لوگوں میں سے تھے۔مرحوم آنولہ ضلع بریلی کے باشندہ تھے۔ عرصہ دراز سے کلکتہ میں تجارت کرتے تھے۔ میں چودہ سال ہوئے ان سے کلکتہ میں متعارف ہواتھا۔اس دوران مجھے برابر اُن کے کردار اورعمل کے مطالعہ کاموقع ملتا رہا، وہ صرف اچھے تاجر ہی نہیں بلکہ اپنے دل میں ایک ایساحساس دل بھی رکھتے تھے جس میں مذہب کادرد کوٹ کوٹ کر بھراہواتھا۔ جن کاموں کووہ قوم کے لیے مفید سمجھتے تھے اُن میں اپنی حیثیت سے بھی بڑھ چڑھ کر حصہ لیتے تھے، جب’’ندوۃ المصنفین‘‘کے قیام کا ابتدائی تصور مفتی عتیق الرحمن صاحب کے اورمیرے ذہن میں آیا تو حاجی صاحب مرحوم اس کی تائید کرنے والوں کی صف اوّل میں تھے۔پھرتائید بھی زبانی اور رسمی نہیں بلکہ عملی اور حقیقی، چنانچہ جو تعلق ندوۃ المصنفین سے انھوں نے پہلے دن قائم کیا تھااُسے آخر وقت تک...
This article elaborates the essence and value of Tazkia. The importance of Tazkia (The purification of Soul) may be known from the fact that Allah Ta, ala in the Holy Quran, emphasizedit with seven oaths and said: (He has succeeded who purifies it). Moreover, all the prophets (Peace be upon them) invited the people towards the same thing (The purification of Soul). For example, Moses told Pharaoh: (Would you (be willing to) purify yourself?). Allah said in the Holy Quran, regarding the Holy Prophet (Peace be upon Him): (2(It is He who has sent among the unlettered a Messenger from themselves reciting to them His verses and purifying them and teaching them the Book and wisdom although they were before in clear error). The purification of Soul (Tazkia) is the source of high degrees and perpetual blessings. The Holy Quran clarifies: But whoever comes to Him as a believer having done righteous deeds, for those will be the highest degrees. Gardens of perpetual residence beneath which river flow, wherein they abide eternally, and that is the reward of one who purifies himself.) The Holy Prophet (Peace Be Upon Him) also would pray: (O my God: give my soul righteousness and purify it, because You are the best one who can purify it, You are its Protector and Lord.
Since last few decades there is a resurgence of interest in naturally coloured cotton. This has motivated the cotton breeders to develop eco-friendly naturally coloured cotton varieties. To support such endeavours a study was carried out to characterize some coloured and white cotton genotypes using morphological and molecular markers, study the transcript level of different flavonoids structural genes in brown green and white cotton fibres, find out differences in the fibre structure and obtain information on the inheritance of fibre colour, yield, and quality traits. The scatter plot analysis grouped 20 cotton genotypes into four clusters. White cotton genotypes, except Cute-98 grouped in Cluster I. The Clusters II and III had all the tetraploid coloured cotton genotypes while Cluster IV had two diploid cotton genotypes. Biplot analysis also showed negative association between fibre colour and fibre quality traits. Both SSR and EST-SSR markers revealed high level of genetic similarity among the cotton genotypes. Two separate dendrograms based on SSR and EST-SSR markers identified four main clusters for 20 cotton genotypes. Nineteen SSR and five EST-SSR markers were found to be associated with different fibre quality traits. Higher value of expected heterozygosity, effective multiplex ratio and marker index for SSR markers as compared to EST-SSR markers showed distinctive nature of SSR markers in revealing the difference among cotton genotypes. Transcriptome analysis of five flavonoid structural genes i.e., GhCHI, GhF3H, GhDFR, GhANS and GhANR revealed temporal expression of these genes during different fibre developmental stages in brown, green and white cotton fibres. The transcript level of all genes was significantly higher in brown then green and white cotton fibres. Scanning electron microscopic analysis at 500X magnification revealed significant improvement in morphological features of fibre of all coloured hybrids as compared to their parents. The surface structure of brown cotton fibres had rough appearance under SEM (4000X) than the other parental lines and coloured cotton hybrids. The additive, dominance and epistatic genetic effects appeared to be involved in the inheritance of various plant traits. Additive type of gene action was involved in the inheritance of boll weight, seed volume and fibre fineness in all crosses. Moderate estimates of narrow sense heritability for these traits confirmed the preponderance of additive gene effects in the inheritance of these traits. Chi-square analysis revealed that single incomplete dominant gene was responsible for the inheritance of fibre colour in naturally coloured cotton. In conclusion, the information on the extent of genetic diversity in cotton germplasm and association of molecular markers with fibre quality traits would be helpful in constructing the breeding populations with desired allelic combinations. The transcriptome analysis of flavonoids structural genes demonstrated that gene manipulation strategy to modulate the transcript level of these genes could improve the pigmentation of brown cotton fibres. Scanning electron microscopy of fibre structure appeared effective in identifying structural difference of fibres in coloured cotton. The comprehensive information on the genetic diversity, fibre structure and gene expression together with the estimates of phenotypic components of genetic variation, obtained from six breeding generation, provided convincing basis for the genetic improvement of coloured cotton cultivars.