Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase: Function and Responses to Different Stresses in Plants

Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway is the most commonly studied signaling mechanisms, consisting of different groups of protein kinases that participate in regularly connecting interpretation of external stimuli that can change in gene expression or cellular organization within eukaryotic systems. The MAP kinase pathways functions in plants cell signaling (intra- and extra). MAPK cascades follow a response system. MAP kinases are the component of kinase constituents that deliver signals from sensors to responders in eukaryotes including plants. Several pathways are activated under different environmental stresses. Stimulating agents may be biological (biotic) like microbial infections or environmental (abiotic) like temperatures threshold, high salt concentration, drought, heavy metal, Ultra-violet radiation, ozone gases and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The involvement of MAPK signaling pathway in different stresses has been widely studied. In this review we also try to highlight MAPK cascades, its regulation, functions and recent findings in various cellular processes against stress conditions.

Adapting Usability Heuristics for Evaluating Multitouch Gesture Interaction

This is the era, where an ordinary person can approach to smart phone arcade and purchase inexpensive and reasonable device. User?s concern has now grown up that mobile device usage should be fair enough, easy to use and avoid negative user experience. Multi-touch gesture interaction is one of the main characteristics associated with this mobile paradigm that segregate from desktop-computing age. With this characteristic, the behavior of mobile device should be different to get good user experience. Heuristic method identifies usability related flaws with the help of experts. But, still lacking to identify comprehensively the usability issues related with multitouch gesture interaction in current mobile applications mainly due to its characteristics. Industry needs guidelines that help designers to develop usable interfaces. Assessing usability issues allows improving these aspects. In this research, we will propose an adapted heuristic method for identifying comprehensively the usability issues related with multi touch gesture interaction. For validation, we will compare the findings in terms of number of flaws and their respective severity level with SMASH and JOYCE Methods. We assume that our proposed set of heuristics will identify more issues along with related severity ratings compared with SMASH and JOYCE results. Our proposed set of heuristics will be beneficial for researchers as well evaluators to find out the usability issues related with multi-touch gestures interaction of current mobile applications more effectively and efficiently.