Feminism is regarded as a cluster of social, political, and religious movements that emerged from the enlightenment movement aiming to demand justice and equality for human beings. The contemporary debate centering around the circumference of feminist discourse has of late been very effective in addressing the issues of certain prejudiced notions in Jewish tradition about the existing patriarchal structure. This thesis is an attempt to show the ongoing paradox existing in the world of feminism which has thoroughly critiqued the patriarchal culture and has naturalized sexual identities, thereby glorifying man‘s supremacy and dominion. Judith Plaskow is a prominent Jewish philosopher who had spent a big part of her life studying Judaism from a feminist point of view. She opened a way for Jewish fellows to contribute to religious matters in the development of the modern world. Mostly her life history and works for women‘s rights become the topics of discussion among the scholars. Less consideration is given to her understanding of Jewish scripture from the Muslim perspective. So, still, there is no study available which critically deal with her understanding of scripture. This research focused on certain questions regarding her understanding of Jewish scripture. It is analyzed that being a Jew, how she studies and understands the Torah, Jewish law, and the religious teaching of Judaism. Why she was not satisfied with the orthodox understanding of Jewish tradition. It is found out that she tries to give a new structure to understand Jewish writings and provoked new discussions around gender‘s impact on Judaism. Her involvement in feminist study and community was not all excitement and delight; however, it also had its problematic side. As, the only Jew in numerous feminist religious contexts, she frequently countered both Christian ignorance of Judaism and unexamined Christian triumphalism. Therefore, the present study tries to explore the approach to the study of Jewish scripture on the one hand and critically analyzes her views on the other. As far as my topic is concerned, it is an analytical study. By presenting her understanding, the current thesis first determines her methodology and then explores her motive behind towards interpretation of Jewish scripture. It is also argued that the aim of her writing was to criticize the marginalized role of women. It argues that she showed respect for Judaic principles. She wants to bring changes in Judaism but the maintenance of the Jewish principle. In actuality, she wants to improve the position of women, by suggesting rewriting history and reshaping and adjusting the Jewish law.
انسان ماں کی گود سے گور تک سیکھنے کے عمل سے گزر تا ہے ۔ویسے بھی یو نیورسٹی کا طالبعلم تھا اور زندگی مطالعے کے بجائے مشاہدے میں گزرگئی ۔ضیاء الحق کے دور میں عدالتوں کے اختیارات معطل تھے اور تمام سیاسی قیدی فوجی حکمرانوں کے حکم کے پابند تھے ۔
جنرل جیلانی پنجاب کا گورنر تھا اور اسمبلی حال مارشل لاء ہیڈ کواٹر تھا جو اس وقت کے چیف آف سٹاف ٹو گورنر پنجاب کے کنٹرول میں تھا وہاں سے نظر بندیوں کے حکم جا ری ہو تے تھے ۔جس کی مدت تین ماہ ہو تی اور اس کی مدت ختم ہونے سے پہلے ہی اگلے تین ماہ کا حکم نامہ جا ری کر دیا جاتا۔محمد علی ایکٹر کو ڈسٹرکٹ جیل جھنگ منتقل کر دیا گیا اور سب پر ایسے گزری کہ جیسے خاندان کو ئی فرد بچھڑ رہا ہو ۔
جیل میں شہید ذوالفقار علی بھٹوکی برسی منائی گئی اور یکم مئی پر بھی ایک تقریب کا انعقاد کیا گیا طوالت کے خوف سے تفصیل نہیں لکھ رہا تین ماہ پورے ہوئے تو اگلے تین ماہ کی نظر بندی کا پروانہ آگیا ۔کچھ وقت گزرنے کے بعد جیل کے حکام کی طرف سے پیغام ملا کہ پیچھے سے حکم ہے کہ جو شخص معافی نامہ اور نیک چلنی کی ضمانت دے گا وہ جیل سے رہا ہو سکتا ہے ۔
جیل کے لان میں تمام نظر بند قیدیوںکی میٹنگ ہوئی ملک محمد حسین ایڈوکیٹ اور دوسرے جیل کے ساتھیوں نے احتجاج کیا کہ ان کی شرائط پر کوئی رہائی حاصل نہیں کرے گا ۔جسٹس سعید حسین اپنے مزاج کے انسان تھے انہوں نے اختلاف کیا اور پنجابی میں کہا
A Comparative Review of Divorce in Islam and Judaism The theme of exchange among religions and similar investigation of religions has turned out to be significant in the current time. Many religious scholars have presented a comparative overview of the subject of many commandments and beliefs in religions, but the issue of divorce in Jews and Islam as a regular subject is almost never discussed. Although it is mentioned as an ancillary subject, such books were written on the topics of marriage and divorce in world religions. But question is, why is divorce comparative review important in Judaism and Islam? Because most of the believers in Islam and Judaism are based on their religious teachings and worried about the problem of rising numbers of divorces. According to the principles of comparative study the researchers have tried to do work on this topic in an objective manner. Finally, it has been concluded that the teachings of these two religions are in principle quite alike. While there is some disagreement on the side issues that open the door to mutual dialogue, it is possible that through comparative research on other topics between these two religions is conducted it will provide further avenues of dialogue and mutual understanding between two major revealed religious traditions.
Among other environmental components, high temperature during summer is the most important constraint of cotton production in Punjab and Sindh provinces. The considerable losses to the crop in these areas occur due to heat-induced pollen sterility, shedding of squares and flowers, and fall off young bolls during the months of July and August, when the temperature rises to 36°-40°C. The local cotton breeders had made a great deal of progress in the domain of cotton breeding to minimize the extent of damage to the plant but all these efforts were made without the availability of knowledge about genetics of heat stress. The present study aims to provide working knowledge about the action and interaction of genes, and heritability controlling heat tolerance, to the breeders for effective plant improvement exercise. As a first step to accomplish the objective, 70 varieties of G. hirsutum L. were screened out at germination and reproductive stages. At advanced phase, data on canopy temperature and relative cell injury (RCI %) to the leaves were measured. Data on these three parameters were compared in absolute and relative terms, and both the measures categorized MNH552, FH1000 and NIAB111 as heat tolerant, and Cedix St 362 (GL), LRA5166 and 4F, as heat susceptible varieties. Differences in remaining germplasm were also comparable, showing the existence of variation for heat tolerance in the species. For genetic studies three sets of crosses involving heat tolerant and non-heat tolerant i.e. MNH552 × Cedix St 362 (GL), FH100 × LRA5166 and NAIB111 × 4F were attempted in glass house. The F2 seed of three F1 hybrids and their back crosses (BC1 and BC2) were developed in the field. Six generations (parents, F1, F2. BC1 and BC2) of each cross-combination were grown in the field during early April (high temperature) and during early June ( normal temperature) , following randomized complete block design with three replications. The segregating and non- segregating progenies were allowed to grow to maturity. Data on square and flower shedding, canopy temperature and RCI were taken at the dawn of reproductive phase, whilst seed-cotton yield and its components, and three fibre traits were measured in the laboratory. Preliminary analysis variance revealed that 70 varieties and two temperature regimes were significantly different and varieties responded differently to the two temperatures, as interaction term, G×T was also significant. Generation means analysis technique was applied to investigate the genetic system controlling heat tolerance in the species. Significant χ2 showed the inadequacy of the simple additive-dominance model for analyzing the data sets of some plant characters in three crosses, whilst for other characters fitness of data of the observed to the expected means was tried following different parameter models of generation means. The results revealed that fibre length, fibre strength and fibre fineness, due to the involvement of [d] component, appeared to be affected largely by additive genes; whilst the remaining traits were inherited by the genes with additive [d] and dominance [h] properties involving epistatic component, additive × additive (i) which is fixable in later generations. There was also evidence of the presence of additive × dominance (j) and dominance × dominance (l) interactions which complicated the genetic system of heat tolerance. Generation variance analysis indicated that heat tolerance was predominantly influenced by additive genetic variance (D), and consequently high estimates of h2ns were observed for almost all the characters. This information is encouraging to the cotton breeders, and based upon these estimates superior plants from the segregating generations under high temperature were selected, and their response was estimated. Appreciable amount of response (R) increased the means of the population considerably, suggesting that prompt progress may be made to improve heat tolerance in the spp. in later generations. Keeping this information in view, from the amount of genetic gain in three crosses, it seems that the cross combination, FH1000 × LRA5166 with better improvement in agronomic, and fibre characteristics and physiological traits has the potential for further breeding. Further, significantly high correlation coefficients (r) calculated using data on under normal and high temperature signify that nature of genes was same under both the environments. This knowledge may also facilitate the researchers while looking for heat tolerant parents from the breeding material to be planted under high heat stress in the cotton growing areas of the cotton belt.