اقبال کا پہلا شعری مجموعہ کلام جو فارسی زبان میں منظر عام پر آیا۔ 1915ء میں لاہور سے شائع ہوا۔ پروفیسر عبد الحق نے مختصر تعارف میں لکھا ہے کہ اسرار خودی کا پورا کلام مثنوی کی صورت میں ہے۔ اسرار خودی کی وجہ سے اقبال مفکر شاعر کے طور پر تسلیم کیے گئے خودی اقبال کی شخصیت کا جزو اور
شناخت بن گئی۔ اقبال کے فلسفہ خودی میں انسانوں کی بقا کا راز مضمرہے۔ اور قوموں کی آبرومندی کا نسخہ شفا بھی خودی میں پوشیدہ ہے۔ پروفیسر عبدالحق نے خودی کے تین مراحل اطاعت ، ضبط نفس اور نیابت الٰہی کا ذکر بھی کیا ہے ۔ تمہید کے بعد دیگر ذیلی عنوانات بھی نظم کا حصہ ہیں۔اس مثنوی کا آغاز اقبال نے 1911ء میں کر دیا تھا۔ عطیہ بیگم کے نام ایک خط میں لکھتے ہیں :
”قبلہ والد صاحب نے فرمائش کی ہے کہ حضرت بو علی قلندر کے طرز پر ایک فارسی
مثنوی لکھوں ۔ اسی راہ کی مشکلات کے باوجود میں نے کام شروع کر دیا ہے “ (13)
اقبال نے کچھ اشعار بھی لکھ کر عطیہ فیضی کو بھجوائے ۔ وہ اشعار اسرار خودی میں شامل ہیں ۔ صرف یہ خط ہی اسرار خودی کی اشاعت کا باعث نہیں بلکہ اور بھی بہت سے محرکات ایسے ہوں گے جو مفکر شاعر کو اس بات پر مجبور کرتے ہوں گے کہ غلام اور غافل قوم کی بیداری کےلیے کوئی نسخہ شفاء پیش کیا جائے ۔ ڈاکٹر رفیع الدین ہاشمی لکھتے ہیں:
”محض اتنی سی بات مثنوی کا محرک نہ تھی ۔ سہ سالہ قیام یورپ، سلطنت
عثمانیہ کا بکھرتا ہوا شیرازہ ، ملت اسلامیہ کا عمومی زوال و انحطاط اور ان سب
کے نتیجے میں وہ ذہنی کرب و اضطراب ، جو کسی حد تک "شکوہ" اور " شمع و...
The linguist poet of the ambassador of Dehli literary society, Nwab Mirza Khan Dagh does not need any preamble. Iqbal accepted some artistic impacts of Mirza Dagh.He is a romantic poet but he was also effected by revolution of 1857.He narrated the cultural defeat in his poetry. We also can find the cultural defeat in Iqbal’s poetry as well. Iqbal paid tribute to Mirza Dagh at his death with deep grief and in an impressive way.
As an artist, the use of developed language precision continuity and idiomatic phrases is Dagh’s distinctive style, the same style of Mirza Dagh is also available in his Nautiya poetry. Although it is not recognition of Dagh but his style is striking researchable. We can also come across the technical effects of his Nautiya style in Iqbal’s poetry. Iqbal has also saluted to his artistic climax. In this article the effort has been accomplished to explain Mirza Dagh’s impacts on Iqbal
Keywords: Allama Iqbal, Mirza Dagh, Na‘at, poetry Praise of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ.
High temperature is a crucial abiotic stress which limits yield in crop plant especially in wheat (Triticum aestivum) at post anthesis stages. Salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) are the plant growth hormones which act as signaling molecules and confer stress tolerance in crop plants. Five wheat cultivars namely Pakistan-2013, NARC-2009, GA-02, Inqalab-91 and BAJ were assessed under heat stress by applying SA and ABA through seed priming and foliar application under field and in-vitro conditions. Effect of terminal heat stress on wheat was evaluated in filed by normal and late sowing. Normal sown crop escaped the terminal heat stress; while in late sowing, terminal heat stress negatively affected yield related traits and reduced yield by 25%, SA and ABA seed priming improved the grain yield 17% and 13% respectively. During in-vitro evaluation, exogenous SA and ABA application reduced the effects of heat stress, seed primed plants of both the hormones showed 13% and 15% higher yields under heat stress than the control. Heat stress affected physiological traits and reduced cell membrane stability, leaf relative water content, and total chlorophyll content. Foliar application of SA enhanced membrane stability, leaf relative water content and chlorophyll content by 32, 23 and 22% respectively and reduced the electrolyte leakage by 16%. Among the biochemical traits accumulation of soluble sugars, protein, proline content, hydrogen peroxide content and malondialdehyde content in the cells was increased, and antioxidant enzymatic activities were up-regulated under heat stress. Further 37, 74 and 87% elevated soluble protein, proline and soluble sugar content was observed in response to SA foliar. SA foliar application reduced hydrogen peroxide content and malondialdehyde content by 42 and 39% respectively. xxii Superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and catalase activity was doubled under heat stress in response to SA and ABA seed priming as compared to control. Protein profiling and expression analysis was carried out for NAC transcription factors in response to heat stress and hormonal application. Several different heat shock proteins ranging from 50 to 98 kDa were produced under heat stress and in response to hormonal application in all selected cultivars. A novel heat shock protein of 60 kDa was expressed in NARC-2009 in response to salicylic acid seed priming whose sequence analysis identified it as a chaperone protein, RuBisCO large subunit-binding protein subunit alpha and beta (CPN-60 α and β). NAC transcription factors showed varied response to heat stress and hormonal application in all cultivars. Transcript level of TaNAC6B was higher under salicylic acid application in heat stress, and TaNAC67 was up-regulated by both salicylic and abscisic acid application during heat stress. TaNAC2D was up-regulated in NARC-2009 by salicylic and abscisic acid seed priming and by SA foliar application in GA-02. TaNAC6B, TaNAC67 and TaNAC2B showed higher transcript level in BAJ under all hormonal applications under heat stress. The expression of NAC transcriptional factors in response to salicylic acid and abscisic acid priming confirmed the positive role of these two hormones in enhancing tolerance against heat stress in tested wheat varieties including BAJ. These findings may be used to screen wheat cultivars through expression analysis against heat stress, develop heat tolerant cultivars and to improve performance of existing wheat cultivar against heat stress through hormonal priming.