اطہر صدیقی
اطہرؔ صدیقی(۱۹۳۵ئ۔پ) کا اصل نام محمدیسیٰن صدیقی اور اطہرؔ تخلص کرتے تھے۔ آپ چوہان حال برہان پور تحصیل پسرور میں پیدا ہوئے۔ آپ معروف شاعر پروفیسر حفیظ صدیقی کے بھائی تھے۔ حفیظ صدیقی کی راہنمائی میں اطہر نے زمانہ طالب علمی میں شاعری کا آغاز کیا تو ان کا کلام ملک کے معروف ادبی رسائل و جرائد میں شائع ہونے لگا۔(۸۸۴)
اطہرؔ کا پہلا شعری مجموعہ’’ کاکل غم‘‘ غزلوں اور نظموں پر مشتمل ہے جو۱۹۸۷ء میں شائع ہوا۔دوسرامجموعہ کلام’’ذوق سفر‘‘ کے نام سے ۱۹۸۹ء میں صدیقی پبلی کیشنز لاہور سے طبع ہوا۔ یہ مجموعہ غزلیات پر مشتمل ہے۔ تیسرا شعری مجموعہ’’آبرئوے غم‘‘۱۹۹۰ء میں صدیقی پبلی کیشنز لاہور سے شائع ہوا۔ یہ مجموعہ بھی غزلیات پر مشتمل ہے۔ چوتھا شعری مجموعہ ’’گردِ مسافت‘‘غزلیات اور نظموں پر مشتمل ہے۔
اطہر ؔصدیقی کی شاعری کا بڑا موضوع عظمت انسان ہے ۔وہ اپنی شاعری میں حضور ؐ کی ذات اقدس کے شیدائی نظر آتے ہیں۔ ان کے نزدیک حضرت محمدؐ کی ہستی عظمت انسان کی علامت ہے۔ اور وہی مثالیِانسان کا نمونہ ہیں۔انھوںنے نعت میں ہی نہیں بلکہ اپنی نظم اور غزل میں بھی عظمتِ انسان کی حقیقت کا اظہار کیا ہے۔
اطہرؔ کی شاعری عزم و ہمت ،جوش ،جواں جذبوں ،جستجو اور بلند حوصلوں سے بھر پور شاعری ہے ۔وہ اپنی شاعری میں کہیں بھی پست ہمت نظر نہیں آتے۔ان کے ہاں جوش اور جذبات کی شدت قاری کے حوصلے کو بلند کرنے کا سامان فراہم کرتی ہے۔ وہ عشق و جنون کے شاعر ہیں ۔یہ عشق و جنون انھیں عظیم کارنامے سر انجام دینے کے لیے ہر وقت تازہ دم رکھتا ہے۔ کچھ اشعار ملاحظہ :
ذرے ذرے سے پوچھ دیکھا ہے
دشت در دشت کون رہتا ہے
کون رہتا ہے لا مکاں میں اب
کس کی رعنائیوں...
Loans or credits offered by Kopdit credit unions are a potential source of funds that need to be developed, to help accelerate the home industry and the micro and small economies. Therefore, we want to see the impact of several conditions such as the loan interest rate, GDP per capita growth, inflation rate and economic growth. Quite a number of studies have looked at the impact of interest rates, GDP growth, inflation rates and economic growth on loans or credits to banks or banking institutions. We do not look at credit or loans from banks, but on Kopdit credit unions (CU). The results of our research show that simultaneously the loan interest rate, GDP growth, inflation rate and economic growth have a strong enough influence on loans at Credit Union Credit Unions, namely 79.2454%. Partially the variable of loan interest rate, GDP growth per capita, inflation rate affects outstanding loans, while economic growth partially has no effect on outstanding loans.
The study planned to investigate the effect of supervisory practices of supervisors on attitude, academic satisfaction and research skills of students. The population comprised of all research scholars at doctorate level with their respective research supervisors enrolled in public sector universities of the provinces of KPK and Punjab. Seven hundred doctorate level scholars returned the questionnaires with 80% of response rate. A selfdeveloped research instrument named, Supervisory practices, academic satisfaction and research skills survey [SPASRSS]. The statistical tests, mean, SD, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson r, and regression were applied.The results revealed as perceived by doctoral scholars that their supervisors were always available for their research help, encouraged and supported them in publishing their research work, considered their expectations regarding supervision, familiar about the evaluation process of thesis, and clear cut schedule to enhance the progress of their research work. On the other hand, most scholars told they often experienced lack of feedback from their supervisors to make progress in their research work. About one third scholars agreed that their research skills went in vain in the hands of unskillful supervisors and claimed that research supervisor was the sole responsible for their poor research skills in doctoral degree. Female doctoral scholars rated their supervisors as more competent and have positive research attitude than that of male scholars. On the opposite side, male research scholars were more satisfied with the academic satisfaction and were more competent in research skills.The social science scholars were more satisfied with the supervisory practices and research attitude than their basic science fellows. As concerned with the basic science scholars, they were more satisfied with the indicator of personal satisfaction than that of social science scholars. The fresh research scholars were more satisfied academically and had positive research skills than in-service research scholars with better competence. A significant correlation was found in supervisors’ supervisory practices, scholars’ academic satisfaction and research skills in different departments and non- significant with research skills of doctoral scholars. About 43% research attitude of scholars was influenced by the research supervisors’ research expertise and supervisory practices.