قاہرہ ماضی اور حال
مسافر کے قویٰ جواب دے چکے تھے مگر جسمانی تھکن سے زیادہ روحانی آسودگی مسافر کو رت جگے پراکسا رہی تھی ۔کیا واقعی میںقاہرہ میں ہوں ؟اپنے آپ سے بار بار اس سوال میں خوشی کی وہ سرشاری تھی جو تھکاوٹ کے احساس کو مغلوب کر رہی تھی ۔ایک طرف قاہرہ شہر کی بڑی عمارات اور فلک بوس مینار اپنی حقیقت مجھ پر آشکار کر رہے تھے تو دوسری طرف میری پیشوائی کے لیے ایک عظیم تہذیب ،ایک بزرگ تاریخ ،قرآنی آیات کے عملی نمونے اور چشم کشا تفسیریں چشم براہ تھے۔مصری تہذیب اور تاریخ کے بارے میں تھوڑی بہت جانکاری تھی مگر شہر قاہرہ کب وجود میں آ یا اور کن کن اقوام نے اس کو اپنا مسکن بنایا ۔ اس حوالے سے کوئی خاطر خواہ معلومات نہ تھی ۔اس کے باوجود میں سحر قاہرہ سے آزاد نہ تھا۔ اس شہر کے رعب و دبدبے اور اس کی تاریخی حیثیت سے چشم پوشی ممکن نہ تھی ۔کہتے ہیں کہ یورپ کے تہذیبی مرکز پیرس کو جب چھینک بھی آتی ہے تو یورپ کو زکام ہو جاتا ہے۔ کچھ ایسا ہی اعزاز عرب دنیا میں قاہرہ کو حاصل ہے براعظم افریقہ کا یہ شہر جو ابتدائے اسلام میںہی عربی شہر بن گیا تھا اور زبان و مذہب عربوں کا اختیار کر لیا تھاوہ آج عرب دنیا کا سب سے زیادہ پڑھا لکھا اور علم و فنون کی درسگاہوں کا محور و مرکز بن چکا ہے اس لیے قاہرہ میں جو سماجی ،سیاسی لہر اٹھتی ہے وہ پوری عرب دنیا میں محسو س کی جاتی ہے ۔اس میںکوئی مبالغہ نہیںہے کہ مغربی افریقہ سے مشرقِ وسطیٰ تک پھیلی ہوئی عرب دنیا پر ثقافتی اور علمی سطح پر حکمرانی مصرکی ہے ۔
قاہرہ یونانی شاعر ہومر کا کوئی مردہ شہر نہیں جو تاریخ کی نظر...
Among different creations of Allāh, Jinnāt have their own independent existence. By essence, they neither belong to the human race nor to the angelic world. One commonality between Jinnāt and human beings is that they both are provided with consciousness and can practice their own free-will in terms of choosing what is right and what is wrong, while angles are deprived of this ability. Jinnāt are mentioned in numerous places in the Qur’ān and the Aḥādīth of the Prophet SAW, so much so that it would be unreasonable to deny their existence. Henceforth, the scholars from every period of time have acknowledged their existence and it wouldn’t be wrong to claim that they all share almost similar views on them. Likewise, every Muslim group acknowledged their existence with the exception of Jahmīyah and Mu‘tazilah. As far as Jews and Christians are concerned, they too like Muslims believe in the existence of Jinnāt. To summarize, it is proven by means of multiplicity (Tawātur) of report from all the Prophets and Messengers and therefore, every follower of the heavenly religion has some sort of belief in the existence of Jinnāt. As far as their influence on the human beings is concerned, there are three major views prevailing among Muslims. There are those who completely deny their existence and therefore, do not in anyway acknowledge their influence on human life. Then there are those who do believe in their existence but are of the opinion that they remain aloof from human beings and therefore, have no influence on the human life. The third opinion which is the opinion of the majority of the scholars is that not only Jinnāt exist but they have the power to influence and affect human beings as well. In this treatise, the opinion of the proponents of the third view is analyzed and their evidences from Qur’ān and Sunnah are discussed.
As the time goes on, the need for software applications is growing in every business,
industry and for every event in life. One big challenge for software engineering is to test these
increasing number of software applications. Software testing is a process to execute the software
with the intent to verify its functionality. It also validates its process of development. Size of the
program is one of the major concerns for tester during software testing. As thousands of lines of
code are not easy to debug and test. The larger code makes the program complex. A program is
analyzed to reduce program complexity. Program slicing is the program analysis technique that
breaks the program code into smaller pieces. This research study proposed program slicing
technique for object-oriented software testing to reduce program complexity. Object-oriented
feature ?polymorphism? is taken as the subject for the program slicing techniques to minimize
the overall testing cost and maximize the fault detection ability. This research proposed a
program slicing technique for testing Object-Oriented systems by the use of adequacy measures
code coverage and mutation analysis. Java programming language is considered for experiments
of the proposed program slicing technique. Inclusiveness and precision metrics are used to
evaluate the results of the experiment. These metrics are used for the assessment of test suite
completeness and effectiveness.