دلالة النص على مبادئ الشريعة الإسلامية في الدساتير العربية وأثره في تنظيم مبدأ المساواة بين المواطنين

This research is about the effect of text meaning on the constitutional rule that related to the Islamic Sharia principles. The Islamic Sharia principles are the source of legislation in the Arab constitutions. It will also look in the impact of this constitutional rule on organizing the principle of equality among citizens in various fields; equality in front of the law and judicature, and equality in rights and freedoms. In particular, this research highlights how the impact of text on the constitutional rule affects on organizing the equality between Muslim and non-Muslim citizens, also between men and women of Muslim citizens. Thus, this research has been split into four topics that addressed respectively as follows: First, what is Islamic Sharia and Legislation in Islamic Fiqh (doctrine). Second, the semantics of multiple formulations of the Islamic Sharia principle as a source of legislation in the constitution. Third, the principle of equality in both, the Islamic Sharia and the positive law. Finally, the impact of the text on the Islamic Sharia principle of Arab constitutions in organizing the equality principle among citizens. The research concluded with set of results that can be summarized as follows: Every formula that has been used in the constitutional rule of the Islamic Sharia principle in the Arabic countries has a different semantics and results that lead to different obligations in the way of organizing the equality principle in the legislative bodies either in constitution's document or in ordinary laws. Also, the research concluded that the Islamic Sharia as a public principle doesn't conflict with the positive law in recognizing the equality principle among citizens in different fields, but the conflict is in the understanding and application of some fields of equality among citizens in different religions and genders. The researcher came with set of recommendations including clarifying wording of the text that related to the Islamic Sharia principle in the Arab constitution rules. These clarifications should prevent any other interpretations. In addition, the researcher suggested to adopt this formula: the original principles of Islamic Sharia is the main source of legislation. Also, formulations of equality principle among citizens in all its manifestations in the constitutions must be consistent with the original Islamic Sharia principle. Also, all the texts that related to the equality among citizens, and between men and women should included the sentence "with no conflict with the original Islamic Sharia principles".

An Analysis of Transliteration of English Words Into Urdu in Print Media

An Analysis of Transliteration of English Words Into Urdu in Print Media The present research attempts to give an insight into the indigenization of English words into Urdu. It is designed to show how certain factors not sociolinguistic, off course, function in the accommodation and assimilation, when lexemes, phrases and expressions are taken from English into Urdu. Pakistani speakers are gradually bringing changes to Urdu by introducing many new words of other languages, especially English. But these borrowed words also acquire new dimensions. In this regard the major contributing factor in the indigenization of words is the change of writing script. The words of one language are written by using the script of another language to refer to some term or concept which either does not exist in the recipient language or the existing words of the language are no more used to refer to such terms. The process is generally referred to as transliteration. Transliteration may be done manually or by using computers. The transliterated terms slowly but certainly get accepted by most of the people in the society. On such a topic, indigenization of English words into Urdu, much research has not been done. A few scholars such as Rahman and Baumgardner have worked on the localization of Urdu words in English. The researcher collected transliterated English words from Urdu language newspapers as data for the analysis of transliteration and used table look up method to find correspondence in original English words and transliterated lexical items. Finally, an algorithm was developed to show the relationship between English and Urdu graphemes by examining the transliterated lexical items. The analysis revealed that transliteration process does not rely either on phonemes or graphemes rather it is a mixture of both. So, hybrid model of transliteration is employed in transliteration of English words into Urdu. The present reseach is a significant contribution to the existing literature on English to Urdu transliteration process as it discusses in detail how English words get adapted into Nastaliq writing script.