رشید آفریںؔ
رشید آفریںؔ(۱۹۳۸ئ۔پ) کا اصل نام محمد رشید ہے۔ آپ محلہ مجید پورہ سیالکوٹ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ایم۔اے اردو پنجاب یونیورسٹی سے کیا۔ آپ بچپن سے ہی شعر و شاعری کر رہے ہیں۔ اکبر لاہوری سے شاعری میں اصلا ح لیتے تھے(۹۰۱) آپ کا شعری کلام ماہنامہ’’حور‘‘ لاہور ماہنامہ’’شمع‘‘،لاہور ماہنامہ ’’ماہِ نو‘‘ لاہور ماہنامہ’’اقدار‘‘ کراچی ماہنامہ’’رابطہ‘‘ کراچی ماہنامہ ’’نئی قدریں ‘‘ حمید آباد ،ماہنامہ’’ادبِ لطیف‘‘ لاہور ،ماہنامہ ’’ادبی دنیا‘‘ لاہور ،ہفت روزہ’’برمنگھم‘‘ برطانیہ، ماہنامہ ’’اوراق‘‘ لاہور اور دیگر ملکی اور بین الاقوامی رسائل و جرائد میں شائع ہوتا رہا۔ ’’وجہ آفریں‘‘ آپ کا پہلا شعری مجموعہ ہے جسے مکتبہ فردوس سیالکوٹ نے ۱۹۷۲ء میں شائع کیا۔ دستِ ساحل‘‘ آفریںؔ کا دوسرا شعری مجموعہ ہے جسے الحمد پبلی کیشنز نے ۱۹۹۵ء کو طبع کیا۔ ’’دامن احساس‘‘آپ کا تیسرا شعری مجموعہ ہے جسے الرزاق پبلی کیشنز نے ۲۰۰۲ء میں شائع کیا۔ ’’فخر دو عالم‘‘ رشید آفریں کا چوتھا شعری مجموعہ ہے جو نعتیہ شاعری پر مشتمل ہے۔
رشید آفریں غزل کے شاعرہیں لیکن غزل کے ساتھ ساتھ انھوں نے نظم ،حمد ،منقبت،سلام ،نعت اور قطعات بھی لکھے ہیں۔ کشمیریات کے حوالے سے خصوصاً ان کی نظمیں دردو غم میں ڈوبی ہوئی ہیں۔ اور کشمیر سے ان کی محبت کی عکاسی کرتی ہیں۔اس کے علاوہ قومی ترانے ،قومی و ملی نظمیںاور بانیانِ پاکستان کے حوالے سے لکھی نظموں میں وطنیت اور قومیت کا واضح اظہار ملتا ہے۔
رشید آفریں ادب میں مقصدیت کے قائل ہیں ان کے ہاں غیر مقصدی ادب کی کوئی اہمیت نہیں ہے۔ ان کی شاعری میں روایت اور جدت کا امتزاج پایا جاتا ہے۔ ان کا لہجہ پر درد اور موثر ہے۔ انھوں نے اپنی شاعری کو پورے سماج کا ترجمان بنایا ہے۔ ان کی نظموں میں روانی و برجستگی اور خلوص فن کی صداقت کی جیتی جاگتی تصویریں نظر آتی ہیں۔محسن بھوپالی رشید آفریں...
Islam wants from its believers to make a peaceful society. The first base of each society is husband-wife relation. Islam has given much emphasis upon this relationship to make it smooth, peaceful, joyful and interactive. But considering human as multidimensional, Islam has allowed husband and wife to get themselves separate from each other, it they cannot survive this relationship smoothly at any level. Though, ‘divorce’ is allowed in Islam but at last solution. Pakistan, as being a Muslim society is facing increase rate in divorce nowadays. My research work is covering different reasons and aspects behind this high ratio of divorce in Pakistan. This research will be helpful to find out any solution to decrease the divorce ration in Pakistani society.
Today the subject of Buddhist art of Gandhara has been mostly restricted to the study of its style, influences and subject maters and less attention has been given to trace the provenance, historical information and material compositions of the sculptures. In the present study an attempt is made to find out solutions for such fundamental issues related to the provenance, chronology and composition particularly of stucco and terracotta sculptures. The figural representation executed in such perishable materials are laying in bulk in the store rooms of various museums of Pakistan especially in the Peshawar Museum and are waiting for such a study to solve these issues. Although most of these sculptures might have come from the proper excavations of known archaeological sites since the first decade of the 20th century but due to lack of enough attention and care as well as the nature of the material the museum inventory numbers put on them are sometimes defaced and it is now very difficult to trace their original record and to assign them into a particular site. In order to find out a possible solution for the above cited issues, the present study is focused on the stucco and terracotta heads as till yet these art pieces are not either documented, illustrated or analysed in a scientific way. For the first time we have studied its material composition through the CRL (Central Resource Laboratory) laboratory of Physics Department, University of Peshawar. Two types of procedures i.e EDX and XRD were followed to obtain elemental and mineral form information which leads us to our desired objectives. The results achieved from these analysis are incorporated in the dissertation (see chapter eight) while other related information to the collection are presented in serial wise in the following chapters. Chapter one contains a brief introduction to the background of study its aim and objectives and research methodology. Chapter two treats with the geography and brief history of Gandhara. Chapter three, is about those ancient religions which are flourished here and, their presence still can be observed in the art and architecture of this region. Four chapter is dedicated to the story of Buddhist art from the very beginning until it reached to its climax in Gandhara, the use of stucco and terracotta material in Gandhara art and the initiation of archaeological work during and after Britishers. Chapter five is based on the study of those sites of Gandhara which are properly excavated and from where stucco and terracotta sculptural material were found for the purpose to know the exact chronology of this type of sculptures. Chapter six, is about the study of stylistic analysis and regional workshops of stucco and terracotta sculptures housed in the Peshawar Museum, while in chapter seven different parts of heads and their shapes and styles are discussed in detail. Chapter eight is based on the petrographic analysis, its objectives, methodology, and obtained results.Chapter nine represents an attempt to reconstruct the actual bodies on which these heads were mounted. Conclusion is the last portion of the dissertation, the achieved results and recommendations are incorporated here. These are supported by three charts, bibliographic lists, index and plates.