پاكستان مدرسہ ایجوكیشن بورڈ اور علماء كے تحفظات

The ultimate goal of an education system is to produce a better citizen and create a better society. In this regard, it is the responsibility of state to design its education system on sound grounds. In Pakistan, there is dual education system, modern education system and traditional Madrasah system. Modern education system prepares its students on the bases of western education pattern while Maddris develop their students in the light of their own respective schools of thought. Thus, the two educational systems are producing two different categories of graduates, leading to imbalance and intodlerance in the society. To bridge this gap between the two systems and to make the education system harmonious, the government has passed “Pakistan Madrasa ‘h Education Board Ordinance ". Three model Maddris have been set up as a pilot project in Karachi and Sakkar for boys and in Islamabadfor girls. It was supposed to be extended in other cities as well but due to the reservations of Ulamd ' and their bitter opposition, the process did not get due attention among the public. In this paper, the authors will try to bring out the Ulamd’s reservations on "Pakistan Madrasah Education Board” in order to bringforth the policy suggestionsfor the betterment of the program.

Computer-Guided Design and Synthesis of Il-2 Inhibitors As Immunomodulating Agents

Cytokine Interleukin-2 (IL-2) has a prevalent role in the growth, activation, and differentiation o f T-cells. To suppress immune responses associated with organ transplant rejection and other autoimmune diseases, it is important to disrupt the interaction of IL-2 with its receptor system. IL-2 is now emerging as a target in the discovery of novel therapeutics for addressing the problems related to immune system. The main goal of this study was to establish an effective in silico protocol for identification of IL-2 inhibitors. It describes a pharmacophore based virtual screening combined with docking study as a rational strategy for identification of novel IL-2 inhibitors. Structure based pharmacophore model was developed using the crystal structure of IL-2/IL-2Rα (PDB ID: 1Z92) complex. The predictive pharmacophore model consisted of three features, two hydrophobic and one cationic feature with three excluded volumes. The pharmacophore was validated using a training set of thirty known IL-2 inhibitors. Pharmacophore model as a 3D search query was searched against ZINC and MOE database, in order to retrieve new chemical scaffolds that may be potent IL-2 inhibitors. The hits retrieved from this search were filtered based on their RMSD values and pharmacophoric features. Hits that were retained were used in a molecular docking study to find the binding mode and molecular interactions with crucial residues at the active site of the target. Pharmacophore based molecular docking was carried out on virtually screened compounds using 1Z92 as target by MOE software that led to the identification of 15 hits belonging to diverse classes of heterocycles. These hits were further optimized and a library of forty six compounds including 5-6 membered azaheterocycles namely dihydropyrimidines, heteroazepines, pyrazoles and benzimidazoles besides some compounds such as chalcones and Schiff bases, was designed and synthesized. All newly synthesized compounds were characterized by their MS and NMR spectral analysis. IL-2 inhibition studies on the members of the synthesized library led to the identification of novel IL-2 inhibitors with IC 50 values ranging from <2- >50μg/ml using cyclosporine as a standard drug. This entire set of experiments in both dry and wet labs led to a successful designing and synthesis of a variety of compounds as novel scaffolds that may be developed into interesting immunomodulators.