صلح حدیبیہ: آنحضرت کی ﷺ سیاسی، معاشرتی اور دفاعی حکمت عملی

Hazrat Muhammad (SAW) is the last Apostle to human beings. He was gifted with a divine Deen having complete code of life. Every field of life has been discussed in the Holy Quran and Sunnah of the Prophet r. As an Apostle, head of the state and army commander, He guided the mankind and provided an excellent example in all the perspectives of life. As a commander of the Islamic forces, the Holy Prophet r fought twenty seven Ghazwat after migration to Madina. In Zeqaida 6 AH, during the pact of Hudaibia a complete turn was taken by Muslims. After this event, the Muslim army role changed to offensive rather than defensive. Immediately, after the pact, the Holy Prophet r attacked on Khyber in Muharram 7th AH, while the whole Hijaz region was captured during the Ghazwa Fath-i-Makkah. In this article, the strategy and tactics employed by the Holy Prophet r during Hudaibia truce have been discussed. These tactics are useful and beneficial in modern era warfare also. As an ideal for all the Ummah, lessons should be extracted by the commanders to defend their motherland and ideological boundries.

Production of Fungal Treated Wheat Straw Through Solid State Fermentation and its Biological Evaluation in Nili Ravi Buffalo Calves

The poor availability of high quality feedstuff and consistent use of abundant low quality dry roughages as an animal feed are the major constraints in the development of livestock sector in Pakistan. For an efficient exploitation of available crop residues like wheat straw, biotechnological methods along with solid state fermentation technology using Arachniotus sp. were employed to upgrade its nutritive value in laboratory and on large scale at farm. Thus at both levels, addition of salts (MgSO4.7H2O, CaCl2, KH2PO4 andurea) and industrial residues (molasses, rice polishing and corn steep liquor) highly increased the crude protein contents and decrease the neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and acid detergent lignin in the fermented wheat straw. It was demonstrated that Arachniotus sp. are a potential alternative fungi that on addition of economical by-products provide more practical and environmental-friendly approach for enhancing the nutritive value of wheat straw on large scale at farm level. Moreover, the biological trial of this treated wheat straw in Nili Ravi male buffalo calves considerably increased the dry matter intake, daily weight gain, improved feed conversion ratio, an enhanced feed economics and nutritive digestibility. Hence, the current observations highly endorse the use of these economical by-products for cheap biomass production from low quality dry roughages and it was recommended to add this improved feed in livestock ration for an enhanced growth performance.